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507 lines
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<title>Tor Documentation</title>
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<meta name="Author" content="Roger Dingledine">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="tor-doc.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1><a href="http://tor.eff.org/">Tor</a> documentation</h1>
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<p>Tor provides a distributed network of servers ("onion routers"). Users
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bounce their communications (web requests, IM, IRC, SSH, etc.) around
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the routers. This makes it hard for recipients, observers, and even the
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onion routers themselves to track the source of the stream.</p>
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<a name="why"></a>
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<h2>Why should I use Tor?</h2>
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<p>Individuals need Tor for privacy:
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<ul>
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<li>Privacy in web browsing -- both from the remote website (so it can't
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track and sell your behavior), and similarly from your local ISP.
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<li>Safety in web browsing: if your local government doesn't approve
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of its citizens visiting certain websites, they may monitor the sites
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and put readers on a list of suspicious persons.
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<li>Circumvention of local censorship: connect to resources (news
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sites, instant messaging, etc.) that are restricted from your
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ISP/school/company/government.
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<li>Socially sensitive communication: chat rooms and web forums for
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rape and abuse survivors, or people with illnesses.
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</ul>
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<p>Journalists and NGOs need Tor for safety:
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<ul>
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<li>Allowing dissidents and whistleblowers to communicate more safely.
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<li>Censorship-resistant publication, such as making available your
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home-made movie anonymously via a Tor <a href="#hidden-service">hidden
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service</a>; and reading, e.g. of news sites not permitted in some
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countries.
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<li>Allowing your workers to check back with your home website while
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they're in a foreign country, without notifying everybody nearby that
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they're working with your organization.
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</ul>
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<p>Companies need Tor for business security:
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<ul>
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<li>Competitive analysis: browse the competition's website safely.
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<li>Protecting collaborations of sensitive business units or partners.
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<li>Protecting procurement suppliers or patterns.
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<li>Putting the "P" back in "VPN": traditional VPNs reveal the exact
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amount and frequency of communication. Which locations have employees
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working late? Which locations have employees consulting job-hunting
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websites? Which research groups are communicating with your company's
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patent lawyers?
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</ul>
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<p>Governments need Tor for traffic-analysis-resistant communication:
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<ul>
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<li>Open source intelligence gathering (hiding individual analysts is
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not enough -- the organization itself may be sensitive).
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<li>Defense in depth on open <em>and classified</em> networks -- networks
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with a million users (even if they're all cleared) can't be made safe just
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by hardening them to external threat.
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<li>Dynamic and semi-trusted international coalitions: the network can
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be shared without revealing the existence or amount of communication
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between all parties.
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<li>Networks partially under known hostile control: to block
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communications, the enemy must take down the whole network.
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<li>Politically sensitive negotiations.
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<li>Road warriors.
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<li>Protecting procurement patterns.
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<li>Anonymous tips.
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</ul>
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<p>Law enforcement needs Tor for safety:
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<ul>
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<li>Allowing anonymous tips or crime reporting
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<li>Allowing agents to observe websites without notifying them that
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they're being observed (or, more broadly, without having it be an
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official visit from law enforcement).
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<li>Surveillance and honeypots (sting operations)
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</ul>
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<p>Does the idea of sharing the Tor network with
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all of these groups bother you? It shouldn't -- <a
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href="http://freehaven.net/doc/fc03/econymics.pdf">you need them for
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your security</a>.</p>
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<a name="client-or-server"></a>
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<h2>Should I run a client or a server?</h2>
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<p>You can run Tor in either client mode or server mode. By default,
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everybody is a <i>client</i>. This means you don't relay traffic for
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anybody but yourself.</p>
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<p>If your computer doesn't have a routable IP address or you're using
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a modem, you should stay a client. Otherwise, please consider being
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a server, to help out the network. (Currently each server uses 20-500
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gigabytes of traffic per month, depending on its capacity and its rate
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limiting configuration.)</p>
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<p>Note that you can be a server without allowing users to make
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connections from your computer to the outside world. This is called being
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a middleman server.</p>
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<p> Benefits of running a server include:
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<ul>
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<li>You may get stronger anonymity, since your destination can't know
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whether connections relayed through your computer originated at your
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computer or not.
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<li>You can also get stronger anonymity by configuring your Tor clients
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to use your Tor server for entry or for exit.
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<li>You're helping the Tor staff with development and scalability testing.
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<li>You're helping your fellow Internet users by providing a larger
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network. Also, having servers in many different pieces of the Internet
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gives users more robustness against curious telcos and brute force
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attacks.
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</ul>
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<p>Other things to note:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Tor has built-in support for rate limiting; see BandwidthRate
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and BandwidthBurst config options. Further, if you have
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lots of capacity but don't want to spend that many bytes per
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month, check out the Accounting and Hibernation features. See <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/wiki/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ">the FAQ</a>
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for details.</li>
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<li>It's fine if the server goes offline sometimes. The directories
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notice this quickly and stop advertising the server. Just try to make
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sure it's not too often, since connections using the server when it
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disconnects will break.</li>
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<li>We can handle servers with dynamic IPs just fine, as long as the
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server itself knows its IP. Have a look at this
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<a href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#DynamicIP">
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entry in the FAQ</a>.</li>
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<li>If your server is behind a NAT and it doesn't
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know its public IP (e.g. it has an IP of 192.168.x.y), you need to set
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up port forwarding. Forwarding TCP connections is system dependent but
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<a href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#ServerForFirewalledClients">
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this entry</a> offers some examples on how to do this.</li>
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<li>Your server will passively estimate and advertise its recent
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bandwidth capacity.
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Clients choose paths weighted by this capacity, so high-bandwidth
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servers will attract more paths than low-bandwidth ones. That's why
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having even low-bandwidth servers is useful too.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>You can read more about setting up Tor as a
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server <a href="#server">below</a>.</p>
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<a name="installing"></a>
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<h2>Installing Tor</h2>
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<p>We have installers for Windows, Mac OS X 10.3, and Red Hat. We
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have contributed packages for Debian, Gentoo, and *BSD. See <a href="http://tor.eff.org/download.html">the download page</a> for pointers and details.
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<p>If you got Tor from a tarball, unpack it: <tt>tar xzf
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tor-0.1.0.10.tar.gz; cd tor-0.1.0.10</tt>. Run <tt>./configure</tt>, then
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<tt>make</tt>, and then <tt>make install</tt> (as root if necessary). Then
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you can launch tor from the command-line by running <tt>tor</tt>.
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Otherwise, if you got it prepackaged, these steps are already done
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for you, and you may even already have Tor started in the background
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(logging to /var/log/something).</p>
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<p>In any case, see the <a href="#client">next section</a> for what to
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<i>do</i> with it now that you've got it running.</p>
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<a name="client"></a>
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<h2>Configuring a client</h2>
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<p>Tor comes configured as a client by default. It uses a built-in
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default configuration file, and most people won't need to change any of
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the settings.</p>
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<p>See the <a href="tor-doc-win32.html">Windows instructions</a> or the
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<a href="tor-doc-osx.html">OS X instructions</a> if you're using those.
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The below are generic instructions for Linux, BSD, Solaris, etc.
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</p>
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<p>
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After installing Tor, you should install <a
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href="http://www.privoxy.org/">privoxy</a>, which is a filtering web
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proxy that integrates well with Tor. (If you installed the Win32 or OS
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X package, see those instructions instead.)
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To configure privoxy to use Tor, add the line <br>
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<tt>forward-socks4a / localhost:9050 .</tt><br>
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(don't forget the dot) to privoxy's config file (you can just add it to the
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top). Then change your browser to http proxy at localhost port 8118.
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(In Firefox on Linux, this is in Edit|Preferences|Advanced|Proxies.)
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You should also set your SSL proxy to the same
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thing, to hide your SSL traffic. Using privoxy is <b>necessary</b> because
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<a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#SOCKSAndDNS">most
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browsers leak your
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DNS requests when they use a SOCKS proxy directly</a>. Privoxy also gives
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you good html scrubbing.</p>
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<p>To test if it's working, you need to know your normal IP address so you can
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verify that the address really changes when running Tor.
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If you are using Linux or OS X your local IP address is shown by the <tt>ifconfig</tt>
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command. Under Windows go to the Start menu, click Run and enter <tt>cmd</tt>.
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At the command prompt, enter <tt>ipconfig</tt>. If you are behind a NAT/Firewall
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you can use one of the sites listed below to check which IP you are using.
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When that is done, start Tor and Privoxy and visit any of the sites again.
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If everything works, your IP address should have changed.
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</p>
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<p>
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<!--<a href="http://peertech.org/privacy-knoppix/">peertech</a>, -->
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<a href="http://www.showmyip.com/">showmyip.com</a> and
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<a href="http://ipid.shat.net">ipid.shat.net</a>
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are sites that show your current IP so you can see
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what address and country you're coming from.
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</p>
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<p>
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If you have a personal firewall that limits your computer's ability
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to connect to itself, be sure to allow connections from your local
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applications to
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local port 8118 and port 9050. If your firewall blocks outgoing connections,
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punch a hole so it can connect to at least TCP ports 80, 443, and 9001-9033.
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<!--If you're
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using Safari as your browser, keep in mind that OS X before 10.3 claims
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to support SOCKS but does not. -->
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For more troubleshooting suggestions, see <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/wiki/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ">the FAQ</a>.
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</p>
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<p>To Torify an application that supports http, just point it at Privoxy
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(that is, localhost port 8118). To use SOCKS directly (for example, for
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instant messaging, Jabber, IRC, etc.), point your application directly at
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Tor (localhost port 9050). For applications that support neither SOCKS
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nor http, you should look at
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using <a href="http://tsocks.sourceforge.net/">tsocks</a>
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to dynamically replace the system calls in your program to
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route through Tor. If you want to use SOCKS 4A, consider using <a
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href="http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/">socat</a> (specific instructions
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are in the <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorifyHOWTO#socat">
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Tor Wiki</a>).</p>
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<p>(Windows doesn't have tsocks; see the bottom of the
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<a href="tor-doc-win32.html">Win32 instructions</a> for alternatives.)
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</p>
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<a name="server"></a>
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<h2>Configuring a server</h2>
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<p>We're looking for people with reasonably reliable Internet connections,
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that have at least 20 kilobytes/s each way. If you frequently have a
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lot of packet loss or really high latency, we can't handle your server
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yet. Otherwise, please help out!
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</p>
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<p>
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To read more about whether you should be a server, check out <a
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href="#client-or-server">the section above</a>.
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</p>
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<p>To set up a Tor server, do the following steps after installing Tor.
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(These instructions are Unix-centric; but Tor 0.0.9.5 and later is running
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as a server on Windows now as well.)
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>0. Verify that your clock is set correctly. If possible, synchronize
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your clock with public time servers.</li>
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<li>1. Edit the bottom part of your torrc (if you installed from source,
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you will need to copy torrc.sample to torrc first. Look for them in
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/usr/local/etc/tor/ on Unix). If you installed a package, you should look
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for torrc:
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<ul><li>in <tt>/etc/torrc</tt> or <tt>/etc/tor/torrc</tt> on Unix.</li>
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<li>in <tt>/Library/Tor/torrc</tt> on Macintosh OS X.</li>
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<li>in <tt>\Application Data\tor\torrc</tt> or in <tt>\<i>username</i>\Application Data\tor\torrc</tt> on Windows.</li>
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</ul>
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Make sure to define at least Nickname and ORPort.
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Create the DataDirectory if necessary, and make
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sure it's owned by the user that will be running tor.
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Make sure name resolution works.
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<li>2. If you are using a firewall, open a hole in your firewall so
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incoming connections can reach the ports you configured (i.e. ORPort,
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plus DirPort if you enabled it). Make sure you allow outgoing connections,
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to get to other onion routers plus any other addresses or ports your
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exit policy allows.
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<li>3. Start your server: if you installed from source you can just
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run <tt>tor</tt>, whereas packages typically launch Tor from their
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initscripts or startup scripts. If it logs any warnings, address them. (By
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default Tor logs to stdout, but some packages log to <tt>/var/log/tor/</tt>
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instead. You can edit your torrc to configure log locations.)
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<li>4. Once you are convinced it's working, <b>Register your server.</b>
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Send mail to <a
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href="mailto:tor-ops@freehaven.net">tor-ops@freehaven.net</a> with a
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subject of '[New Server] <your server's nickname>' and
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include the
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following information in the message:
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<ul>
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<li>Your server's nickname.</li>
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<li>The fingerprint for your server's key (the contents of the
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"fingerprint" file in your DataDirectory -- look in /usr/local/var/lib/tor
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or /var/lib/tor on many platforms).</li>
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<li>Who you are, so we know whom to contact if a problem arises,
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and</li>
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<li>What kind of connectivity the new server will have.</li>
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</ul>
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If possible, sign your mail using PGP.<br />
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Registering your server reserves your nickname so nobody else can take it,
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and lets us contact you if you need to upgrade or something goes wrong.
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<li>5. Subscribe to the <a href="http://archives.seul.org/or/announce/">or-announce</a>
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mailing list. It is very low volume, and it will keep you informed
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of new stable releases. You might also consider subscribing to <a
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href="http://archives.seul.org/or/talk/">or-talk</a> (higher volume),
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where new development releases are announced.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Here's where Tor puts its files on many common platforms:</p>
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<table>
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<tr><th></th><th>Unix</th><th>Windows</th><th>Mac OS X</th></tr>
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<tr><th>Configuration</th>
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<td><tt>/etc/torrc</tt> <br />or <tt>/usr/local/etc/torrc</tt></td>
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<td><tt>\<i>username</i>\Application Data\tor\torrc</tt> <br />or <tt>\Application Data\tor\torrc</tt></td>
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<td><tt>/Library/Tor/torrc</tt></td></tr>
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<tr><th>Fingerprint</th>
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<td><tt>/var/lib/tor/fingerprint</tt>
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or <tt>/usr/local/var/lib/tor/fingerprint</tt></td>
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<td><tt>\<i>username</i>\Application Data\tor\fingerprint</tt>
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or <tt>\Application Data\tor\fingerprint</tt></td>
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<td><tt>/Library/Tor/var/lib/tor/fingerprint</tt></td></tr>
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<tr><th>Logs</th>
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<td><tt>/var/log/tor</tt>
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or <tt>/usr/local/var/log/tor</tt></td>
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<td><tt>\<i>username</i>\Application Data\tor\torrc</tt>
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or <tt>\Application Data\tor\log</tt></td>
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<td><tt>/var/log/tor</tt></td></tr>
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</table>
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<p>
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Optionally, we recommend the following steps as well:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>6 (Unix only). Make a separate user to run the server. If you
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installed the deb or the rpm, this is already done. Otherwise,
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you can do it by hand. (The Tor server doesn't need to be run as
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root, so it's good practice to not run it as root. Running as a
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'tor' user avoids issues with identd and other services that
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detect user name. If you're the paranoid sort, feel free to <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/wiki/TheOnionRouter/TorInChroot">put Tor
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into a chroot jail</a>.)
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<li>7. Decide what exit policy you want. By default your server allows
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access to many popular services, but we restrict some (such as port 25)
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due to abuse potential. You might want an exit policy that is
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less restrictive or more restrictive; edit your torrc appropriately.
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If you choose a particularly open exit policy, you might want to make
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sure your upstream or ISP is ok with that choice.
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<li>8. If you installed from source, you may find the initscripts in
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contrib/tor.sh or contrib/torctl useful if you want to set up Tor to
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start at boot.
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<li>9. Consider setting your hostname to 'anonymous' or
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'proxy' or 'tor-proxy' if you can, so when other people see the address
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in their web logs or whatever, they will more quickly understand what's
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going on.
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<li>10. If you're not running anything else on port 80 or port 443,
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please consider setting up port-forwarding and advertising these
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low-numbered ports as your Tor server. This will help allow users behind
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particularly restrictive firewalls to access the Tor network. Win32
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servers can simply set their ORPort and DirPort directly. Other servers
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need to rig some sort of port forwarding; see <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/wiki/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#ServerForFirewalledClients">the
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FAQ</a> for details of how to set this up.
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</ul>
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<p>You can click <a href="http://moria.seul.org:9031/">here</a> or <a
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href="http://62.116.124.106:9030/">here</a> and look at the router-status
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line to see if your server is part of the network. It will be listed by
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nickname once we have added your server to the list of known servers;
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otherwise it is listed only by its fingerprint.</p>
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<a name="hidden-service"></a>
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<h2>Configuring a hidden service</h2>
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<p>Tor allows clients and servers to offer hidden services. That is,
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you can offer a web server, SSH server, etc., without revealing your IP to its
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users. You can even have your application listen on localhost only, yet
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remote Tor connections can access it. This works via Tor's rendezvous
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point design: both sides build a Tor circuit out, and they meet in
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the middle.</p>
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<p>If you're using Tor and <a href="http://www.privoxy.org/">Privoxy</a>,
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you can <a href="http://6sxoyfb3h2nvok2d.onion/">go to the hidden wiki</a>
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to see hidden services in action.</p>
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<p>To set up a hidden service, copy torrc.sample to torrc (by default it's
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in /usr/local/etc/tor/), and edit the middle part. Then run Tor. It will
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create each HiddenServiceDir you have configured, and it will create a
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'hostname' file which specifies the url (xyz.onion) for that service. You
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can tell people the url, and they can connect to it via their Tor client,
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assuming they're using a proxy (such as Privoxy) that speaks SOCKS 4A.</p>
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<p>Let's consider an example.
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Assume you want to set up a hidden service to allow people to access your
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Apache web server through Tor. By doing this, they can access your server
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but won't know who they are connecting to. You want clients to use the
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|
standard port 80 when accessing your server. However, if your Apache
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|
server is actually running on port 8080 locally, client connections need
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|
to be redirected.</p>
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|
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<p><b>HiddenServiceDir</b> is a directory where Tor will store information
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about that hidden service. In particular, Tor will create a file here named
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<i>hostname</i> which will tell you the onion URL. You don't need to add any
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|
files to this directory.</p>
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|
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<p><b>HiddenServicePort</b> is where you specify a virtual port and where
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|
to redirect connections to this virtual port. For instance, you tell
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Tor there's a virtual port 80 and then redirect traffic to your local
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|
webserver at 127.0.0.1:8080.</p>
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|
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<p>Example lines from a torrc file</p>
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|
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|
<pre>
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HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_service/
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HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:8080
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</pre>
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|
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<p>This tells Tor to store its files in <tt>/usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_service/</tt>
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|
and allow people to connect to your onion address on port 80. It
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|
will then redirect requests to your localhost webserver on port 8080.
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|
</p>
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|
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|
<p>To let people access your hidden service, look at the file
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|
<tt>/usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_service/hostname</tt> which will tell you what the
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|
hostname is (such as xyz.onion). Then, as long as they have Tor and Privoxy
|
|
configured, they can access your webserver with a web browser by connecting
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|
to http://xyz.onion/</p>
|
|
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|
<p>You can have multiple tor hidden services by repeating Dir and Ports:</p>
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|
|
|
<pre>
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|
HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_service/
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HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:8080
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|
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|
HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/other_hidden_service/
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HiddenServicePort 6667 127.0.0.1:6667
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HiddenServicePort 22 127.0.0.1:22
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</pre>
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|
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|
<p>The above example will allow people to connect to the hostname in
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|
<tt>/usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_service/hostname</tt> for an HTTP server and
|
|
to a different hostname in
|
|
<tt>/usr/local/etc/tor/other_hidden_service/hostname</tt> for an IRC and
|
|
SSH server. To an end user, this appears to be two separate hosts with
|
|
one running an HTTP server and another running an IRC/SSH server.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="own-network"></a>
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|
<h2>Setting up your own network</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
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|
If you want to experiment locally with your own network, or you're cut
|
|
off from the Internet and want to be able to mess with Tor still, then
|
|
you may want to set up your own separate Tor network.
|
|
|
|
<p>
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|
To set up your own Tor network, you need to run your own directory
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|
servers, and you need to configure each client and server so it knows
|
|
about your directory servers rather than the default ones.
|
|
|
|
<ul>
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|
<li>1: Grab the latest release. Use at least 0.0.9.5.
|
|
<li>2: For each directory server you want,
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>2a: Set it up as a server (see <a href="#server">"setting up a
|
|
server"</a> above), with a least ORPort, DirPort, DataDirectory, and Nickname
|
|
defined. Set "AuthoritativeDirectory 1".
|
|
<li>2b: Set "RecommendedVersions" to a comma-separated list of acceptable
|
|
versions of the code for clients and servers to be running.
|
|
<li>2c: Run it: <tt>tor --list-fingerprint</tt> if your torrc is in
|
|
the default place, or <tt>tor -f torrc --list-fingerprint</tt> to
|
|
specify one. This will generate your keys and output a fingerprint
|
|
line.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<li>3: Now you need to teach clients and servers to use the new
|
|
dirservers. For each fingerprint, add a line like<br>
|
|
<tt>DirServer 18.244.0.114:80 719B E45D E224 B607 C537 07D0 E214 3E2D 423E 74CF</tt><br>
|
|
to the torrc of each client and server who will be using your network.
|
|
<li>4: Create a file called approved-routers in the DataDirectory
|
|
of each directory server. Collect the 'fingerprint' lines from
|
|
each server (including directory servers), and include them (one per
|
|
line) in each approved-routers file. You can hup the tor process for
|
|
each directory server to reload the approved-routers file (so you don't
|
|
have to restart the process).
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<!--<h2>Other doc resources</h2>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Design paper
|
|
<li>Spec and rend-spec
|
|
<li>others
|
|
</ul> -->
|
|
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|
</body>
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</html>
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