tor/src/feature/nodelist/routerlist.c

/* Copyright (c) 2001 Matej Pfajfar.
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2004, Roger Dingledine.
 * Copyright (c) 2004-2006, Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson.
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2020, The Tor Project, Inc. */
/* See LICENSE for licensing information */

/**
 * \file routerlist.c
 * \brief Code to
 * maintain and access the global list of routerinfos for known
 * servers.
 *
 * A "routerinfo_t" object represents a single self-signed router
 * descriptor, as generated by a Tor relay in order to tell the rest of
 * the world about its keys, address, and capabilities.  An
 * "extrainfo_t" object represents an adjunct "extra-info" object,
 * certified by a corresponding router descriptor, reporting more
 * information about the relay that nearly all users will not need.
 *
 * Most users will not use router descriptors for most relays.  Instead,
 * they use the information in microdescriptors and in the consensus
 * networkstatus.
 *
 * Right now, routerinfo_t objects are used in these ways:
 *  <ul>
 *   <li>By clients, in order to learn about bridge keys and capabilities.
 *     (Bridges aren't listed in the consensus networkstatus, so they
 *     can't have microdescriptors.)
 *   <li>By relays, since relays want more information about other relays
 *     than they can learn from microdescriptors. (TODO: Is this still true?)
 *   <li>By authorities, which receive them and use them to generate the
 *     consensus and the microdescriptors.
 *   <li>By all directory caches, which download them in case somebody
 *     else wants them.
 *  </ul>
 *
 * Routerinfos are mostly created by parsing them from a string, in
 * routerparse.c. We store them to disk on receiving them, and
 * periodically discard the ones we don't need. On restarting, we
 * re-read them from disk. (This also applies to extrainfo documents, if
 * we are configured to fetch them.)
 *
 * In order to keep our list of routerinfos up-to-date, we periodically
 * check whether there are any listed in the latest consensus (or in the
 * votes from other authorities, if we are an authority) that we don't
 * have.  (This also applies to extrainfo documents, if we are
 * configured to fetch them.)
 *
 * Almost nothing in Tor should use a routerinfo_t to refer directly to
 * a relay; instead, almost everything should use node_t (implemented in
 * nodelist.c), which provides a common interface to routerinfo_t,
 * routerstatus_t, and microdescriptor_t.
 *
 * <br>
 *
 * This module also has some of the functions used for choosing random
 * nodes according to different rules and weights.  Historically, they
 * were all in this module.  Now, they are spread across this module,
 * nodelist.c, and networkstatus.c.  (TODO: Fix that.)
 **/

#define ROUTERLIST_PRIVATE
#include "core/or/or.h"

#include "app/config/config.h"
#include "core/mainloop/connection.h"
#include "core/mainloop/mainloop.h"
#include "core/or/policies.h"
#include "feature/client/bridges.h"
#include "feature/control/control_events.h"
#include "feature/dirauth/authmode.h"
#include "feature/dirauth/process_descs.h"
#include "feature/dirauth/reachability.h"
#include "feature/dircache/dirserv.h"
#include "feature/dirclient/dirclient.h"
#include "feature/dirclient/dirclient_modes.h"
#include "feature/dirclient/dlstatus.h"
#include "feature/dircommon/directory.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/authcert.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/describe.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/dirlist.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/microdesc.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/networkstatus.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/node_select.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/nodelist.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/routerinfo.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/routerlist.h"
#include "feature/dirparse/routerparse.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/routerset.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/torcert.h"
#include "feature/relay/routermode.h"
#include "feature/stats/rephist.h"
#include "lib/crypt_ops/crypto_format.h"
#include "lib/crypt_ops/crypto_rand.h"

#include "feature/dircommon/dir_connection_st.h"
#include "feature/dirclient/dir_server_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/document_signature_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/extrainfo_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/networkstatus_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/networkstatus_voter_info_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/node_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/routerinfo_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/routerlist_st.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/vote_routerstatus_st.h"

#include "lib/crypt_ops/digestset.h"

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
#include <sys/stat.h>
#endif

// #define DEBUG_ROUTERLIST

/****************************************************************************/

/* Typed wrappers for different digestmap types; used to avoid type
 * confusion. */

DECLARE_TYPED_DIGESTMAP_FNS(sdmap, digest_sd_map_t, signed_descriptor_t)
DECLARE_TYPED_DIGESTMAP_FNS(rimap, digest_ri_map_t, routerinfo_t)
DECLARE_TYPED_DIGESTMAP_FNS(eimap, digest_ei_map_t, extrainfo_t)
#define SDMAP_FOREACH(map, keyvar, valvar)                              \
  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(sdmap_to_digestmap(map), keyvar, signed_descriptor_t *, \
                    valvar)
#define RIMAP_FOREACH(map, keyvar, valvar) \
  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(rimap_to_digestmap(map), keyvar, routerinfo_t *, valvar)
#define EIMAP_FOREACH(map, keyvar, valvar) \
  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(eimap_to_digestmap(map), keyvar, extrainfo_t *, valvar)
#define eimap_free(map, fn) MAP_FREE_AND_NULL(eimap, (map), (fn))
#define rimap_free(map, fn) MAP_FREE_AND_NULL(rimap, (map), (fn))
#define sdmap_free(map, fn) MAP_FREE_AND_NULL(sdmap, (map), (fn))

/* static function prototypes */
static int signed_desc_digest_is_recognized(signed_descriptor_t *desc);
static const char *signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(
                                              const signed_descriptor_t *desc,
                                              int with_annotations);
static void launch_dummy_descriptor_download_as_needed(time_t now,
                                   const or_options_t *options);

/****************************************************************************/

/** Global list of all of the routers that we know about. */
static routerlist_t *routerlist = NULL;

/** List of strings for nicknames we've already warned about and that are
 * still unknown / unavailable. */
static smartlist_t *warned_nicknames = NULL;

/** The last time we tried to download any routerdesc, or 0 for "never".  We
 * use this to rate-limit download attempts when the number of routerdescs to
 * download is low. */
static time_t last_descriptor_download_attempted = 0;

/* Router descriptor storage.
 *
 * Routerdescs are stored in a big file, named "cached-descriptors".  As new
 * routerdescs arrive, we append them to a journal file named
 * "cached-descriptors.new".
 *
 * From time to time, we replace "cached-descriptors" with a new file
 * containing only the live, non-superseded descriptors, and clear
 * cached-descriptors.new.
 *
 * On startup, we read both files.
 */

/** Helper: return 1 iff the router log is so big we want to rebuild the
 * store. */
static int
router_should_rebuild_store(desc_store_t *store)
{
  if (store->store_len > (1<<16))
    return (store->journal_len > store->store_len / 2 ||
            store->bytes_dropped > store->store_len / 2);
  else
    return store->journal_len > (1<<15);
}

/** Return the desc_store_t in <b>rl</b> that should be used to store
 * <b>sd</b>. */
static inline desc_store_t *
desc_get_store(routerlist_t *rl, const signed_descriptor_t *sd)
{
  if (sd->is_extrainfo)
    return &rl->extrainfo_store;
  else
    return &rl->desc_store;
}

/** Add the signed_descriptor_t in <b>desc</b> to the router
 * journal; change its saved_location to SAVED_IN_JOURNAL and set its
 * offset appropriately. */
static int
signed_desc_append_to_journal(signed_descriptor_t *desc,
                              desc_store_t *store)
{
  char *fname = get_cachedir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".new");
  const char *body = signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(desc,1);
  size_t len = desc->signed_descriptor_len + desc->annotations_len;

  if (append_bytes_to_file(fname, body, len, 1)) {
    log_warn(LD_FS, "Unable to store router descriptor");
    tor_free(fname);
    return -1;
  }
  desc->saved_location = SAVED_IN_JOURNAL;
  tor_free(fname);

  desc->saved_offset = store->journal_len;
  store->journal_len += len;

  return 0;
}

/** Sorting helper: return &lt;0, 0, or &gt;0 depending on whether the
 * signed_descriptor_t* in *<b>a</b> is older, the same age as, or newer than
 * the signed_descriptor_t* in *<b>b</b>. */
static int
compare_signed_descriptors_by_age_(const void **_a, const void **_b)
{
  const signed_descriptor_t *r1 = *_a, *r2 = *_b;
  return (int)(r1->published_on - r2->published_on);
}

#define RRS_FORCE 1
#define RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD 2

/** If the journal of <b>store</b> is too long, or if RRS_FORCE is set in
 * <b>flags</b>, then atomically replace the saved router store with the
 * routers currently in our routerlist, and clear the journal.  Unless
 * RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD is set in <b>flags</b>, delete expired routers before
 * rebuilding the store.  Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int
router_rebuild_store(int flags, desc_store_t *store)
{
  smartlist_t *chunk_list = NULL;
  char *fname = NULL, *fname_tmp = NULL;
  int r = -1;
  off_t offset = 0;
  smartlist_t *signed_descriptors = NULL;
  int nocache=0;
  size_t total_expected_len = 0;
  int had_any;
  int force = flags & RRS_FORCE;

  if (!force && !router_should_rebuild_store(store)) {
    r = 0;
    goto done;
  }
  if (!routerlist) {
    r = 0;
    goto done;
  }

  if (store->type == EXTRAINFO_STORE)
    had_any = !eimap_isempty(routerlist->extra_info_map);
  else
    had_any = (smartlist_len(routerlist->routers)+
               smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers))>0;

  /* Don't save deadweight. */
  if (!(flags & RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD))
    routerlist_remove_old_routers();

  log_info(LD_DIR, "Rebuilding %s cache", store->description);

  fname = get_cachedir_fname(store->fname_base);
  fname_tmp = get_cachedir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".tmp");

  chunk_list = smartlist_new();

  /* We sort the routers by age to enhance locality on disk. */
  signed_descriptors = smartlist_new();
  if (store->type == EXTRAINFO_STORE) {
    eimap_iter_t *iter;
    for (iter = eimap_iter_init(routerlist->extra_info_map);
         !eimap_iter_done(iter);
         iter = eimap_iter_next(routerlist->extra_info_map, iter)) {
      const char *key;
      extrainfo_t *ei;
      eimap_iter_get(iter, &key, &ei);
      smartlist_add(signed_descriptors, &ei->cache_info);
    }
  } else {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
                      smartlist_add(signed_descriptors, sd));
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri,
                      smartlist_add(signed_descriptors, &ri->cache_info));
  }

  smartlist_sort(signed_descriptors, compare_signed_descriptors_by_age_);

  /* Now, add the appropriate members to chunk_list */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(signed_descriptors, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
      sized_chunk_t *c;
      const char *body = signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(sd, 1);
      if (!body) {
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "No descriptor available for router.");
        goto done;
      }
      if (sd->do_not_cache) {
        ++nocache;
        continue;
      }
      c = tor_malloc(sizeof(sized_chunk_t));
      c->bytes = body;
      c->len = sd->signed_descriptor_len + sd->annotations_len;
      total_expected_len += c->len;
      smartlist_add(chunk_list, c);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);

  if (write_chunks_to_file(fname_tmp, chunk_list, 1, 1)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_FS, "Error writing router store to disk.");
    goto done;
  }

  /* Our mmap is now invalid. */
  if (store->mmap) {
    int res = tor_munmap_file(store->mmap);
    store->mmap = NULL;
    if (res != 0) {
      log_warn(LD_FS, "Unable to munmap route store in %s", fname);
    }
  }

  if (replace_file(fname_tmp, fname)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_FS, "Error replacing old router store: %s", strerror(errno));
    goto done;
  }

  errno = 0;
  store->mmap = tor_mmap_file(fname);
  if (! store->mmap) {
    if (errno == ERANGE) {
      /* empty store.*/
      if (total_expected_len) {
        log_warn(LD_FS, "We wrote some bytes to a new descriptor file at '%s',"
                 " but when we went to mmap it, it was empty!", fname);
      } else if (had_any) {
        log_info(LD_FS, "We just removed every descriptor in '%s'.  This is "
                 "okay if we're just starting up after a long time. "
                 "Otherwise, it's a bug.", fname);
      }
    } else {
      log_warn(LD_FS, "Unable to mmap new descriptor file at '%s'.",fname);
    }
  }

  log_info(LD_DIR, "Reconstructing pointers into cache");

  offset = 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(signed_descriptors, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
      if (sd->do_not_cache)
        continue;
      sd->saved_location = SAVED_IN_CACHE;
      if (store->mmap) {
        tor_free(sd->signed_descriptor_body); // sets it to null
        sd->saved_offset = offset;
      }
      offset += sd->signed_descriptor_len + sd->annotations_len;
      signed_descriptor_get_body(sd); /* reconstruct and assert */
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);

  tor_free(fname);
  fname = get_cachedir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".new");
  write_str_to_file(fname, "", 1);

  r = 0;
  store->store_len = (size_t) offset;
  store->journal_len = 0;
  store->bytes_dropped = 0;
 done:
  smartlist_free(signed_descriptors);
  tor_free(fname);
  tor_free(fname_tmp);
  if (chunk_list) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(chunk_list, sized_chunk_t *, c, tor_free(c));
    smartlist_free(chunk_list);
  }

  return r;
}

/** Helper: Reload a cache file and its associated journal, setting metadata
 * appropriately.  If <b>extrainfo</b> is true, reload the extrainfo store;
 * else reload the router descriptor store. */
static int
router_reload_router_list_impl(desc_store_t *store)
{
  char *fname = NULL, *contents = NULL;
  struct stat st;
  int extrainfo = (store->type == EXTRAINFO_STORE);
  store->journal_len = store->store_len = 0;

  fname = get_cachedir_fname(store->fname_base);

  if (store->mmap) {
    /* get rid of it first */
    int res = tor_munmap_file(store->mmap);
    store->mmap = NULL;
    if (res != 0) {
      log_warn(LD_FS, "Failed to munmap %s", fname);
      tor_free(fname);
      return -1;
    }
  }

  store->mmap = tor_mmap_file(fname);
  if (store->mmap) {
    store->store_len = store->mmap->size;
    if (extrainfo)
      router_load_extrainfo_from_string(store->mmap->data,
                                        store->mmap->data+store->mmap->size,
                                        SAVED_IN_CACHE, NULL, 0);
    else
      router_load_routers_from_string(store->mmap->data,
                                      store->mmap->data+store->mmap->size,
                                      SAVED_IN_CACHE, NULL, 0, NULL);
  }

  tor_free(fname);
  fname = get_cachedir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".new");
  /* don't load empty files - we wouldn't get any data, even if we tried */
  if (file_status(fname) == FN_FILE)
    contents = read_file_to_str(fname, RFTS_BIN|RFTS_IGNORE_MISSING, &st);
  if (contents) {
    if (extrainfo)
      router_load_extrainfo_from_string(contents, NULL,SAVED_IN_JOURNAL,
                                        NULL, 0);
    else
      router_load_routers_from_string(contents, NULL, SAVED_IN_JOURNAL,
                                      NULL, 0, NULL);
    store->journal_len = (size_t) st.st_size;
    tor_free(contents);
  }

  tor_free(fname);

  if (store->journal_len) {
    /* Always clear the journal on startup.*/
    router_rebuild_store(RRS_FORCE, store);
  } else if (!extrainfo) {
    /* Don't cache expired routers. (This is in an else because
     * router_rebuild_store() also calls remove_old_routers().) */
    routerlist_remove_old_routers();
  }

  return 0;
}

/** Load all cached router descriptors and extra-info documents from the
 * store. Return 0 on success and -1 on failure.
 */
int
router_reload_router_list(void)
{
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
  if (router_reload_router_list_impl(&rl->desc_store))
    return -1;
  if (router_reload_router_list_impl(&rl->extrainfo_store))
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

/* When selecting a router for a direct connection, can OR address/port
 * preference and reachability checks be skipped?
 *
 * Servers never check ReachableAddresses or ClientPreferIPv6. Returns
 * true for servers.
 *
 * Otherwise, if <b>try_ip_pref</b> is true, returns false. Used to make
 * clients check ClientPreferIPv6, even if ReachableAddresses is not set.
 * Finally, return true if ReachableAddresses is set.
 */
int
router_or_conn_should_skip_reachable_address_check(
                                   const or_options_t *options,
                                   int try_ip_pref)
{
  /* Servers always have and prefer IPv4.
   * And if clients are checking against the firewall for reachability only,
   * but there's no firewall, don't bother checking */
  return server_mode(options) || (!try_ip_pref && !firewall_is_fascist_or());
}

/* When selecting a router for a direct connection, can Dir address/port
 * and reachability checks be skipped?
 *
 * This function is obsolete, because clients only use ORPorts.
 */
int
router_dir_conn_should_skip_reachable_address_check(
                                    const or_options_t *options,
                                    int try_ip_pref)
{
  /* Servers always have and prefer IPv4.
   * And if clients are checking against the firewall for reachability only,
   * but there's no firewall, don't bother checking */
  return server_mode(options) || (!try_ip_pref && !firewall_is_fascist_dir());
}

/** Return true iff r1 and r2 have the same address and OR port. */
int
routers_have_same_or_addrs(const routerinfo_t *r1, const routerinfo_t *r2)
{
  return r1->addr == r2->addr && r1->or_port == r2->or_port &&
    tor_addr_eq(&r1->ipv6_addr, &r2->ipv6_addr) &&
    r1->ipv6_orport == r2->ipv6_orport;
}

/* Returns true if <b>node</b> can be chosen based on <b>flags</b>.
 *
 * The following conditions are applied to all nodes:
 *  - is running;
 *  - is valid;
 *  - supports EXTEND2 cells;
 *  - has an ntor circuit crypto key; and
 *  - does not allow single-hop exits.
 *
 * If the node has a routerinfo, we're checking for a direct connection, and
 * we're using bridges, the following condition is applied:
 *  - has a bridge-purpose routerinfo;
 * and for all other nodes:
 *  - has a general-purpose routerinfo (or no routerinfo).
 *
 * Nodes that don't have a routerinfo must be general-purpose nodes, because
 * routerstatuses and microdescriptors only come via consensuses.
 *
 * The <b>flags</b> chech that <b>node</b>:
 *  - <b>CRN_NEED_UPTIME</b>: has more than a minimum uptime;
 *  - <b>CRN_NEED_CAPACITY</b>: has more than a minimum capacity;
 *  - <b>CRN_NEED_GUARD</b>: is a Guard;
 *  - <b>CRN_NEED_DESC</b>: has a routerinfo or microdescriptor -- that is,
 *                          enough info to be used to build a circuit;
 *  - <b>CRN_DIRECT_CONN</b>: is suitable for direct connections. Checks
 *                            for the relevant descriptors. Checks the address
 *                            against ReachableAddresses, ClientUseIPv4 0, and
 *                            fascist_firewall_use_ipv6() == 0);
 *  - <b>CRN_PREF_ADDR</b>: if we are connecting directly to the node, it has
 *                          an address that is preferred by the
 *                          ClientPreferIPv6ORPort setting;
 *  - <b>CRN_RENDEZVOUS_V3</b>: can become a v3 onion service rendezvous point;
 *  - <b>CRN_INITIATE_IPV6_EXTEND</b>: can initiate IPv6 extends.
 */
bool
router_can_choose_node(const node_t *node, int flags)
{
  /* The full set of flags used for node selection. */
  const bool need_uptime = (flags & CRN_NEED_UPTIME) != 0;
  const bool need_capacity = (flags & CRN_NEED_CAPACITY) != 0;
  const bool need_guard = (flags & CRN_NEED_GUARD) != 0;
  const bool need_desc = (flags & CRN_NEED_DESC) != 0;
  const bool pref_addr = (flags & CRN_PREF_ADDR) != 0;
  const bool direct_conn = (flags & CRN_DIRECT_CONN) != 0;
  const bool rendezvous_v3 = (flags & CRN_RENDEZVOUS_V3) != 0;
  const bool initiate_ipv6_extend = (flags & CRN_INITIATE_IPV6_EXTEND) != 0;

  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  const bool check_reach =
    !router_or_conn_should_skip_reachable_address_check(options, pref_addr);
  const bool direct_bridge = direct_conn && options->UseBridges;

  if (!node->is_running || !node->is_valid)
    return false;
  if (need_desc && !node_has_preferred_descriptor(node, direct_conn))
    return false;
  if (node->ri) {
    if (direct_bridge && node->ri->purpose != ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE)
      return false;
    else if (node->ri->purpose != ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL)
      return false;
  }
  if (node_is_unreliable(node, need_uptime, need_capacity, need_guard))
    return false;
  /* Don't choose nodes if we are certain they can't do EXTEND2 cells */
  if (node->rs && !routerstatus_version_supports_extend2_cells(node->rs, 1))
    return false;
  /* Don't choose nodes if we are certain they can't do ntor. */
  if ((node->ri || node->md) && !node_has_curve25519_onion_key(node))
    return false;
  /* Exclude relays that allow single hop exit circuits. This is an
   * obsolete option since 0.2.9.2-alpha and done by default in
   * 0.3.1.0-alpha. */
  if (node_allows_single_hop_exits(node))
    return false;
  /* Exclude relays that can not become a rendezvous for a hidden service
   * version 3. */
  if (rendezvous_v3 &&
      !node_supports_v3_rendezvous_point(node))
    return false;
  /* Choose a node with an OR address that matches the firewall rules */
  if (direct_conn && check_reach &&
      !fascist_firewall_allows_node(node,
                                    FIREWALL_OR_CONNECTION,
                                    pref_addr))
    return false;
  if (initiate_ipv6_extend && !node_supports_initiating_ipv6_extends(node))
    return false;

  return true;
}

/** Add every suitable node from our nodelist to <b>sl</b>, so that
 * we can pick a node for a circuit based on <b>flags</b>.
 *
 * See router_can_choose_node() for details of <b>flags</b>.
 */
void
router_add_running_nodes_to_smartlist(smartlist_t *sl, int flags)
{
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(nodelist_get_list(), const node_t *, node) {
    if (!router_can_choose_node(node, flags))
      continue;
    smartlist_add(sl, (void *)node);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(node);
}

/** Look through the routerlist until we find a router that has my key.
 Return it. */
const routerinfo_t *
routerlist_find_my_routerinfo(void)
{
  if (!routerlist)
    return NULL;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, router,
  {
    if (router_is_me(router))
      return router;
  });
  return NULL;
}

/** Return the smaller of the router's configured BandwidthRate
 * and its advertised capacity. */
uint32_t
router_get_advertised_bandwidth(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  if (router->bandwidthcapacity < router->bandwidthrate)
    return router->bandwidthcapacity;
  return router->bandwidthrate;
}

/** Do not weight any declared bandwidth more than this much when picking
 * routers by bandwidth. */
#define DEFAULT_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH 10000000 /* 10 MB/sec */

/** Return the smaller of the router's configured BandwidthRate
 * and its advertised capacity, capped by max-believe-bw. */
uint32_t
router_get_advertised_bandwidth_capped(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  uint32_t result = router->bandwidthcapacity;
  if (result > router->bandwidthrate)
    result = router->bandwidthrate;
  if (result > DEFAULT_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH)
    result = DEFAULT_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH;
  return result;
}

/** Helper: given an extended nickname in <b>hexdigest</b> try to decode it.
 * Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.  Store the result into the
 * DIGEST_LEN-byte buffer at <b>digest_out</b>, the single character at
 * <b>nickname_qualifier_char_out</b>, and the MAXNICKNAME_LEN+1-byte buffer
 * at <b>nickname_out</b>.
 *
 * The recognized format is:
 *   HexName = Dollar? HexDigest NamePart?
 *   Dollar = '?'
 *   HexDigest = HexChar*20
 *   HexChar = 'a'..'f' | 'A'..'F' | '0'..'9'
 *   NamePart = QualChar Name
 *   QualChar = '=' | '~'
 *   Name = NameChar*(1..MAX_NICKNAME_LEN)
 *   NameChar = Any ASCII alphanumeric character
 */
int
hex_digest_nickname_decode(const char *hexdigest,
                           char *digest_out,
                           char *nickname_qualifier_char_out,
                           char *nickname_out)
{
  size_t len;

  tor_assert(hexdigest);
  if (hexdigest[0] == '$')
    ++hexdigest;

  len = strlen(hexdigest);
  if (len < HEX_DIGEST_LEN) {
    return -1;
  } else if (len > HEX_DIGEST_LEN && (hexdigest[HEX_DIGEST_LEN] == '=' ||
                                    hexdigest[HEX_DIGEST_LEN] == '~') &&
           len <= HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1+MAX_NICKNAME_LEN) {
    *nickname_qualifier_char_out = hexdigest[HEX_DIGEST_LEN];
    strlcpy(nickname_out, hexdigest+HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1 , MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1);
  } else if (len == HEX_DIGEST_LEN) {
    ;
  } else {
    return -1;
  }

  if (base16_decode(digest_out, DIGEST_LEN,
                    hexdigest, HEX_DIGEST_LEN) != DIGEST_LEN)
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

/** Helper: Return true iff the <b>identity_digest</b> and <b>nickname</b>
 * combination of a router, encoded in hexadecimal, matches <b>hexdigest</b>
 * (which is optionally prefixed with a single dollar sign).  Return false if
 * <b>hexdigest</b> is malformed, or it doesn't match.  */
int
hex_digest_nickname_matches(const char *hexdigest, const char *identity_digest,
                            const char *nickname)
{
  char digest[DIGEST_LEN];
  char nn_char='\0';
  char nn_buf[MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1];

  if (hex_digest_nickname_decode(hexdigest, digest, &nn_char, nn_buf) == -1)
    return 0;

  if (nn_char == '=') {
    return 0;
  }

  if (nn_char == '~') {
    if (!nickname)     // XXX This seems wrong. -NM
      return 0;
    if (strcasecmp(nn_buf, nickname))
      return 0;
  }

  return tor_memeq(digest, identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
}

/** If hexdigest is correctly formed, base16_decode it into
 * digest, which must have DIGEST_LEN space in it.
 * Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
int
hexdigest_to_digest(const char *hexdigest, char *digest)
{
  if (hexdigest[0]=='$')
    ++hexdigest;
  if (strlen(hexdigest) < HEX_DIGEST_LEN ||
      base16_decode(digest,DIGEST_LEN,hexdigest,HEX_DIGEST_LEN) != DIGEST_LEN)
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

/** As router_get_by_id_digest,but return a pointer that you're allowed to
 * modify */
routerinfo_t *
router_get_mutable_by_digest(const char *digest)
{
  tor_assert(digest);

  if (!routerlist) return NULL;

  // routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  return rimap_get(routerlist->identity_map, digest);
}

/** Return the router in our routerlist whose 20-byte key digest
 * is <b>digest</b>.  Return NULL if no such router is known. */
const routerinfo_t *
router_get_by_id_digest(const char *digest)
{
  return router_get_mutable_by_digest(digest);
}

/** Return the router in our routerlist whose 20-byte descriptor
 * is <b>digest</b>.  Return NULL if no such router is known. */
signed_descriptor_t *
router_get_by_descriptor_digest(const char *digest)
{
  tor_assert(digest);

  if (!routerlist) return NULL;

  return sdmap_get(routerlist->desc_digest_map, digest);
}

/** Return the signed descriptor for the router in our routerlist whose
 * 20-byte extra-info digest is <b>digest</b>.  Return NULL if no such router
 * is known. */
MOCK_IMPL(signed_descriptor_t *,
router_get_by_extrainfo_digest,(const char *digest))
{
  tor_assert(digest);

  if (!routerlist) return NULL;

  return sdmap_get(routerlist->desc_by_eid_map, digest);
}

/** Return the signed descriptor for the extrainfo_t in our routerlist whose
 * extra-info-digest is <b>digest</b>. Return NULL if no such extra-info
 * document is known. */
MOCK_IMPL(signed_descriptor_t *,
extrainfo_get_by_descriptor_digest,(const char *digest))
{
  extrainfo_t *ei;
  tor_assert(digest);
  if (!routerlist) return NULL;
  ei = eimap_get(routerlist->extra_info_map, digest);
  return ei ? &ei->cache_info : NULL;
}

/** Return a pointer to the signed textual representation of a descriptor.
 * The returned string is not guaranteed to be NUL-terminated: the string's
 * length will be in desc-\>signed_descriptor_len.
 *
 * If <b>with_annotations</b> is set, the returned string will include
 * the annotations
 * (if any) preceding the descriptor.  This will increase the length of the
 * string by desc-\>annotations_len.
 *
 * The caller must not free the string returned.
 */
static const char *
signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(const signed_descriptor_t *desc,
                                int with_annotations)
{
  const char *r = NULL;
  size_t len = desc->signed_descriptor_len;
  off_t offset = desc->saved_offset;
  if (with_annotations)
    len += desc->annotations_len;
  else
    offset += desc->annotations_len;

  tor_assert(len > 32);
  if (desc->saved_location == SAVED_IN_CACHE && routerlist) {
    desc_store_t *store = desc_get_store(router_get_routerlist(), desc);
    if (store && store->mmap) {
      tor_assert(desc->saved_offset + len <= store->mmap->size);
      r = store->mmap->data + offset;
    } else if (store) {
      log_err(LD_DIR, "We couldn't read a descriptor that is supposedly "
              "mmaped in our cache.  Is another process running in our data "
              "directory?  Exiting.");
      exit(1); // XXXX bad exit: should recover.
    }
  }
  if (!r) /* no mmap, or not in cache. */
    r = desc->signed_descriptor_body +
      (with_annotations ? 0 : desc->annotations_len);

  tor_assert(r);
  if (!with_annotations) {
    if (fast_memcmp("router ", r, 7) && fast_memcmp("extra-info ", r, 11)) {
      char *cp = tor_strndup(r, 64);
      log_err(LD_DIR, "descriptor at %p begins with unexpected string %s.  "
              "Is another process running in our data directory?  Exiting.",
              desc, escaped(cp));
      exit(1); // XXXX bad exit: should recover.
    }
  }

  return r;
}

/** Return a pointer to the signed textual representation of a descriptor.
 * The returned string is not guaranteed to be NUL-terminated: the string's
 * length will be in desc-\>signed_descriptor_len.
 *
 * The caller must not free the string returned.
 */
const char *
signed_descriptor_get_body(const signed_descriptor_t *desc)
{
  return signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(desc, 0);
}

/** As signed_descriptor_get_body(), but points to the beginning of the
 * annotations section rather than the beginning of the descriptor. */
const char *
signed_descriptor_get_annotations(const signed_descriptor_t *desc)
{
  return signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(desc, 1);
}

/** Return the current list of all known routers. */
routerlist_t *
router_get_routerlist(void)
{
  if (PREDICT_UNLIKELY(!routerlist)) {
    routerlist = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(routerlist_t));
    routerlist->routers = smartlist_new();
    routerlist->old_routers = smartlist_new();
    routerlist->identity_map = rimap_new();
    routerlist->desc_digest_map = sdmap_new();
    routerlist->desc_by_eid_map = sdmap_new();
    routerlist->extra_info_map = eimap_new();

    routerlist->desc_store.fname_base = "cached-descriptors";
    routerlist->extrainfo_store.fname_base = "cached-extrainfo";

    routerlist->desc_store.type = ROUTER_STORE;
    routerlist->extrainfo_store.type = EXTRAINFO_STORE;

    routerlist->desc_store.description = "router descriptors";
    routerlist->extrainfo_store.description = "extra-info documents";
  }
  return routerlist;
}

/** Free all storage held by <b>router</b>. */
void
routerinfo_free_(routerinfo_t *router)
{
  if (!router)
    return;

  tor_free(router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body);
  tor_free(router->nickname);
  tor_free(router->platform);
  tor_free(router->protocol_list);
  tor_free(router->contact_info);
  if (router->onion_pkey)
    tor_free(router->onion_pkey);
  tor_free(router->onion_curve25519_pkey);
  if (router->identity_pkey)
    crypto_pk_free(router->identity_pkey);
  tor_cert_free(router->cache_info.signing_key_cert);
  if (router->declared_family) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(router->declared_family, char *, s, tor_free(s));
    smartlist_free(router->declared_family);
  }
  addr_policy_list_free(router->exit_policy);
  short_policy_free(router->ipv6_exit_policy);

  memset(router, 77, sizeof(routerinfo_t));

  tor_free(router);
}

/** Release all storage held by <b>extrainfo</b> */
void
extrainfo_free_(extrainfo_t *extrainfo)
{
  if (!extrainfo)
    return;
  tor_cert_free(extrainfo->cache_info.signing_key_cert);
  tor_free(extrainfo->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body);
  tor_free(extrainfo->pending_sig);

  memset(extrainfo, 88, sizeof(extrainfo_t)); /* debug bad memory usage */
  tor_free(extrainfo);
}

#define signed_descriptor_free(val) \
  FREE_AND_NULL(signed_descriptor_t, signed_descriptor_free_, (val))

/** Release storage held by <b>sd</b>. */
static void
signed_descriptor_free_(signed_descriptor_t *sd)
{
  if (!sd)
    return;

  tor_free(sd->signed_descriptor_body);
  tor_cert_free(sd->signing_key_cert);

  memset(sd, 99, sizeof(signed_descriptor_t)); /* Debug bad mem usage */
  tor_free(sd);
}

/** Reset the given signed descriptor <b>sd</b> by freeing the allocated
 * memory inside the object and by zeroing its content. */
static void
signed_descriptor_reset(signed_descriptor_t *sd)
{
  tor_assert(sd);
  tor_free(sd->signed_descriptor_body);
  tor_cert_free(sd->signing_key_cert);
  memset(sd, 0, sizeof(*sd));
}

/** Copy src into dest, and steal all references inside src so that when
 * we free src, we don't mess up dest. */
static void
signed_descriptor_move(signed_descriptor_t *dest,
                       signed_descriptor_t *src)
{
  tor_assert(dest != src);
  /* Cleanup destination object before overwriting it.*/
  signed_descriptor_reset(dest);
  memcpy(dest, src, sizeof(signed_descriptor_t));
  src->signed_descriptor_body = NULL;
  src->signing_key_cert = NULL;
  dest->routerlist_index = -1;
}

/** Extract a signed_descriptor_t from a general routerinfo, and free the
 * routerinfo.
 */
static signed_descriptor_t *
signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  signed_descriptor_t *sd;
  tor_assert(ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL);
  sd = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(signed_descriptor_t));
  signed_descriptor_move(sd, &ri->cache_info);
  routerinfo_free(ri);
  return sd;
}

/** Helper: free the storage held by the extrainfo_t in <b>e</b>. */
static void
extrainfo_free_void(void *e)
{
  extrainfo_free_(e);
}

/** Free all storage held by a routerlist <b>rl</b>. */
void
routerlist_free_(routerlist_t *rl)
{
  if (!rl)
    return;
  rimap_free(rl->identity_map, NULL);
  sdmap_free(rl->desc_digest_map, NULL);
  sdmap_free(rl->desc_by_eid_map, NULL);
  eimap_free(rl->extra_info_map, extrainfo_free_void);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, r,
                    routerinfo_free(r));
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
                    signed_descriptor_free(sd));
  smartlist_free(rl->routers);
  smartlist_free(rl->old_routers);
  if (rl->desc_store.mmap) {
    int res = tor_munmap_file(rl->desc_store.mmap);
    if (res != 0) {
      log_warn(LD_FS, "Failed to munmap routerlist->desc_store.mmap");
    }
  }
  if (rl->extrainfo_store.mmap) {
    int res = tor_munmap_file(rl->extrainfo_store.mmap);
    if (res != 0) {
      log_warn(LD_FS, "Failed to munmap routerlist->extrainfo_store.mmap");
    }
  }
  tor_free(rl);
}

/** Log information about how much memory is being used for routerlist,
 * at log level <b>severity</b>. */
void
dump_routerlist_mem_usage(int severity)
{
  uint64_t livedescs = 0;
  uint64_t olddescs = 0;
  if (!routerlist)
    return;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, r,
                    livedescs += r->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
                    olddescs += sd->signed_descriptor_len);

  tor_log(severity, LD_DIR,
      "In %d live descriptors: %"PRIu64" bytes.  "
      "In %d old descriptors: %"PRIu64" bytes.",
      smartlist_len(routerlist->routers), (livedescs),
      smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers), (olddescs));
}

/** Debugging helper: If <b>idx</b> is nonnegative, assert that <b>ri</b> is
 * in <b>sl</b> at position <b>idx</b>. Otherwise, search <b>sl</b> for
 * <b>ri</b>.  Return the index of <b>ri</b> in <b>sl</b>, or -1 if <b>ri</b>
 * is not in <b>sl</b>. */
static inline int
routerlist_find_elt_(smartlist_t *sl, void *ri, int idx)
{
  if (idx < 0) {
    idx = -1;
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(sl, routerinfo_t *, r,
                      if (r == ri) {
                        idx = r_sl_idx;
                        break;
                      });
  } else {
    tor_assert(idx < smartlist_len(sl));
    tor_assert(smartlist_get(sl, idx) == ri);
  };
  return idx;
}

/** Insert an item <b>ri</b> into the routerlist <b>rl</b>, updating indices
 * as needed.  There must be no previous member of <b>rl</b> with the same
 * identity digest as <b>ri</b>: If there is, call routerlist_replace
 * instead.
 */
static void
routerlist_insert(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri_old;
  signed_descriptor_t *sd_old;
  {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_generated = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    tor_assert(ri_generated != ri);
  }
  tor_assert(ri->cache_info.routerlist_index == -1);

  ri_old = rimap_set(rl->identity_map, ri->cache_info.identity_digest, ri);
  tor_assert(!ri_old);

  sd_old = sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map,
                     ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                     &(ri->cache_info));
  if (sd_old) {
    int idx = sd_old->routerlist_index;
    sd_old->routerlist_index = -1;
    smartlist_del(rl->old_routers, idx);
    if (idx < smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)) {
       signed_descriptor_t *d = smartlist_get(rl->old_routers, idx);
       d->routerlist_index = idx;
    }
    rl->desc_store.bytes_dropped += sd_old->signed_descriptor_len;
    sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd_old->extra_info_digest);
    signed_descriptor_free(sd_old);
  }

  if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest))
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest,
              &ri->cache_info);
  smartlist_add(rl->routers, ri);
  ri->cache_info.routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->routers) - 1;
  nodelist_set_routerinfo(ri, NULL);
  router_dir_info_changed();
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Adds the extrainfo_t <b>ei</b> to the routerlist <b>rl</b>, if there is a
 * corresponding router in rl-\>routers or rl-\>old_routers.  Return the status
 * of inserting <b>ei</b>.  Free <b>ei</b> if it isn't inserted. */
MOCK_IMPL(STATIC was_router_added_t,
extrainfo_insert,(routerlist_t *rl, extrainfo_t *ei, int warn_if_incompatible))
{
  was_router_added_t r;
  const char *compatibility_error_msg;
  routerinfo_t *ri = rimap_get(rl->identity_map,
                               ei->cache_info.identity_digest);
  signed_descriptor_t *sd =
    sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;
  const int severity = warn_if_incompatible ? LOG_WARN : LOG_INFO;

  {
    extrainfo_t *ei_generated = router_get_my_extrainfo();
    tor_assert(ei_generated != ei);
  }

  if (!ri) {
    /* This router is unknown; we can't even verify the signature. Give up.*/
    r = ROUTER_NOT_IN_CONSENSUS;
    goto done;
  }
  if (! sd) {
    /* The extrainfo router doesn't have a known routerdesc to attach it to.
     * This just won't work. */;
    static ratelim_t no_sd_ratelim = RATELIM_INIT(1800);
    r = ROUTER_BAD_EI;
    log_fn_ratelim(&no_sd_ratelim, severity, LD_BUG,
                   "No entry found in extrainfo map.");
    goto done;
  }
  if (tor_memneq(ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                 sd->extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
    static ratelim_t digest_mismatch_ratelim = RATELIM_INIT(1800);
    /* The sd we got from the map doesn't match the digest we used to look
     * it up. This makes no sense. */
    r = ROUTER_BAD_EI;
    log_fn_ratelim(&digest_mismatch_ratelim, severity, LD_BUG,
                     "Mismatch in digest in extrainfo map.");
    goto done;
  }
  if (routerinfo_incompatible_with_extrainfo(ri->identity_pkey, ei, sd,
                                             &compatibility_error_msg)) {
    char d1[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1], d2[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
    r = (ri->cache_info.extrainfo_is_bogus) ?
      ROUTER_BAD_EI : ROUTER_NOT_IN_CONSENSUS;

    base16_encode(d1, sizeof(d1), ri->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    base16_encode(d2, sizeof(d2), ei->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);

    log_fn(severity,LD_DIR,
           "router info incompatible with extra info (ri id: %s, ei id %s, "
           "reason: %s)", d1, d2, compatibility_error_msg);

    goto done;
  }

  /* Okay, if we make it here, we definitely have a router corresponding to
   * this extrainfo. */

  ei_tmp = eimap_set(rl->extra_info_map,
                     ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                     ei);
  r = ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY;
  if (ei_tmp) {
    rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
      ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
  }

 done:
  if (r != ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY)
    extrainfo_free(ei);

#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
  return r;
}

#define should_cache_old_descriptors() \
  directory_caches_dir_info(get_options())

/** If we're a directory cache and routerlist <b>rl</b> doesn't have
 * a copy of router <b>ri</b> yet, add it to the list of old (not
 * recommended but still served) descriptors. Else free it. */
static void
routerlist_insert_old(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_generated = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    tor_assert(ri_generated != ri);
  }
  tor_assert(ri->cache_info.routerlist_index == -1);

  if (should_cache_old_descriptors() &&
      ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL &&
      !sdmap_get(rl->desc_digest_map,
                 ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest)) {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd = signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(ri);
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest, sd);
    smartlist_add(rl->old_routers, sd);
    sd->routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)-1;
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest, sd);
  } else {
    routerinfo_free(ri);
  }
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Remove an item <b>ri</b> from the routerlist <b>rl</b>, updating indices
 * as needed. If <b>idx</b> is nonnegative and smartlist_get(rl-&gt;routers,
 * idx) == ri, we don't need to do a linear search over the list to decide
 * which to remove.  We fill the gap in rl-&gt;routers with a later element in
 * the list, if any exists. <b>ri</b> is freed.
 *
 * If <b>make_old</b> is true, instead of deleting the router, we try adding
 * it to rl-&gt;old_routers. */
void
routerlist_remove(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri, int make_old, time_t now)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri_tmp;
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;
  int idx = ri->cache_info.routerlist_index;
  tor_assert(0 <= idx && idx < smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  tor_assert(smartlist_get(rl->routers, idx) == ri);

  nodelist_remove_routerinfo(ri);

  /* make sure the rephist module knows that it's not running */
  rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(ri->cache_info.identity_digest, now);

  ri->cache_info.routerlist_index = -1;
  smartlist_del(rl->routers, idx);
  if (idx < smartlist_len(rl->routers)) {
    routerinfo_t *r = smartlist_get(rl->routers, idx);
    r->cache_info.routerlist_index = idx;
  }

  ri_tmp = rimap_remove(rl->identity_map, ri->cache_info.identity_digest);
  router_dir_info_changed();
  tor_assert(ri_tmp == ri);

  if (make_old && should_cache_old_descriptors() &&
      ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL) {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd;
    sd = signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(ri);
    smartlist_add(rl->old_routers, sd);
    sd->routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)-1;
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest, sd);
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest, sd);
  } else {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd_tmp;
    sd_tmp = sdmap_remove(rl->desc_digest_map,
                          ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
    tor_assert(sd_tmp == &(ri->cache_info));
    rl->desc_store.bytes_dropped += ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    ei_tmp = eimap_remove(rl->extra_info_map,
                          ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
    if (ei_tmp) {
      rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
        ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
      extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
    }
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
    routerinfo_free(ri);
  }
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Remove a signed_descriptor_t <b>sd</b> from <b>rl</b>-\>old_routers, and
 * adjust <b>rl</b> as appropriate.  <b>idx</b> is -1, or the index of
 * <b>sd</b>. */
static void
routerlist_remove_old(routerlist_t *rl, signed_descriptor_t *sd, int idx)
{
  signed_descriptor_t *sd_tmp;
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;
  desc_store_t *store;
  if (idx == -1) {
    idx = sd->routerlist_index;
  }
  tor_assert(0 <= idx && idx < smartlist_len(rl->old_routers));
  /* XXXX edmanm's bridge relay triggered the following assert while
   * running 0.2.0.12-alpha.  If anybody triggers this again, see if we
   * can get a backtrace. */
  tor_assert(smartlist_get(rl->old_routers, idx) == sd);
  tor_assert(idx == sd->routerlist_index);

  sd->routerlist_index = -1;
  smartlist_del(rl->old_routers, idx);
  if (idx < smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)) {
    signed_descriptor_t *d = smartlist_get(rl->old_routers, idx);
    d->routerlist_index = idx;
  }
  sd_tmp = sdmap_remove(rl->desc_digest_map,
                        sd->signed_descriptor_digest);
  tor_assert(sd_tmp == sd);
  store = desc_get_store(rl, sd);
  if (store)
    store->bytes_dropped += sd->signed_descriptor_len;

  ei_tmp = eimap_remove(rl->extra_info_map,
                        sd->extra_info_digest);
  if (ei_tmp) {
    rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
      ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
  }
  if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
    sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest);

  signed_descriptor_free(sd);
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Remove <b>ri_old</b> from the routerlist <b>rl</b>, and replace it with
 * <b>ri_new</b>, updating all index info.  If <b>idx</b> is nonnegative and
 * smartlist_get(rl-&gt;routers, idx) == ri, we don't need to do a linear
 * search over the list to decide which to remove.  We put ri_new in the same
 * index as ri_old, if possible.  ri is freed as appropriate.
 *
 * If should_cache_descriptors() is true, instead of deleting the router,
 * we add it to rl-&gt;old_routers. */
static void
routerlist_replace(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri_old,
                   routerinfo_t *ri_new)
{
  int idx;
  int same_descriptors;

  routerinfo_t *ri_tmp;
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;
  {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_generated = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    tor_assert(ri_generated != ri_new);
  }
  tor_assert(ri_old != ri_new);
  tor_assert(ri_new->cache_info.routerlist_index == -1);

  idx = ri_old->cache_info.routerlist_index;
  tor_assert(0 <= idx && idx < smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  tor_assert(smartlist_get(rl->routers, idx) == ri_old);

  {
    routerinfo_t *ri_old_tmp=NULL;
    nodelist_set_routerinfo(ri_new, &ri_old_tmp);
    tor_assert(ri_old == ri_old_tmp);
  }

  router_dir_info_changed();
  if (idx >= 0) {
    smartlist_set(rl->routers, idx, ri_new);
    ri_old->cache_info.routerlist_index = -1;
    ri_new->cache_info.routerlist_index = idx;
    /* Check that ri_old is not in rl->routers anymore: */
    tor_assert( routerlist_find_elt_(rl->routers, ri_old, -1) == -1 );
  } else {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Appending entry from routerlist_replace.");
    routerlist_insert(rl, ri_new);
    return;
  }
  if (tor_memneq(ri_old->cache_info.identity_digest,
             ri_new->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
    /* digests don't match; digestmap_set won't replace */
    rimap_remove(rl->identity_map, ri_old->cache_info.identity_digest);
  }
  ri_tmp = rimap_set(rl->identity_map,
                     ri_new->cache_info.identity_digest, ri_new);
  tor_assert(!ri_tmp || ri_tmp == ri_old);
  sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map,
            ri_new->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
            &(ri_new->cache_info));

  if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri_new->cache_info.extra_info_digest)) {
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ri_new->cache_info.extra_info_digest,
              &ri_new->cache_info);
  }

  same_descriptors = tor_memeq(ri_old->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                              ri_new->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                              DIGEST_LEN);

  if (should_cache_old_descriptors() &&
      ri_old->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL &&
      !same_descriptors) {
    /* ri_old is going to become a signed_descriptor_t and go into
     * old_routers */
    signed_descriptor_t *sd = signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(ri_old);
    smartlist_add(rl->old_routers, sd);
    sd->routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)-1;
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest, sd);
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest, sd);
  } else {
    /* We're dropping ri_old. */
    if (!same_descriptors) {
      /* digests don't match; The sdmap_set above didn't replace */
      sdmap_remove(rl->desc_digest_map,
                   ri_old->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);

      if (tor_memneq(ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest,
                 ri_new->cache_info.extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
        ei_tmp = eimap_remove(rl->extra_info_map,
                              ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
        if (ei_tmp) {
          rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
            ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
          extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
        }
      }

      if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest)) {
        sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map,
                     ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
      }
    }
    rl->desc_store.bytes_dropped += ri_old->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    routerinfo_free(ri_old);
  }
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Extract the descriptor <b>sd</b> from old_routerlist, and re-parse
 * it as a fresh routerinfo_t. */
static routerinfo_t *
routerlist_reparse_old(routerlist_t *rl, signed_descriptor_t *sd)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri;
  const char *body;

  body = signed_descriptor_get_annotations(sd);

  ri = router_parse_entry_from_string(body,
                         body+sd->signed_descriptor_len+sd->annotations_len,
                         0, 1, NULL, NULL);
  if (!ri)
    return NULL;
  signed_descriptor_move(&ri->cache_info, sd);

  routerlist_remove_old(rl, sd, -1);

  return ri;
}

/** Free all memory held by the routerlist module.
 * Note: Calling routerlist_free_all() should always be paired with
 * a call to nodelist_free_all(). These should only be called during
 * cleanup.
 */
void
routerlist_free_all(void)
{
  routerlist_t *rl = routerlist;
  routerlist = NULL; // Prevent internals of routerlist_free() from using
                     // routerlist.
  routerlist_free(rl);
  dirlist_free_all();
  if (warned_nicknames) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(warned_nicknames, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
    smartlist_free(warned_nicknames);
    warned_nicknames = NULL;
  }
  authcert_free_all();
}

/** Forget that we have issued any router-related warnings, so that we'll
 * warn again if we see the same errors. */
void
routerlist_reset_warnings(void)
{
  if (!warned_nicknames)
    warned_nicknames = smartlist_new();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(warned_nicknames, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
  smartlist_clear(warned_nicknames); /* now the list is empty. */

  networkstatus_reset_warnings();
}

/** Return 1 if the signed descriptor of this router is older than
 *  <b>seconds</b> seconds.  Otherwise return 0. */
MOCK_IMPL(int,
router_descriptor_is_older_than,(const routerinfo_t *router, int seconds))
{
  return router->cache_info.published_on < approx_time() - seconds;
}

/** Add <b>router</b> to the routerlist, if we don't already have it.  Replace
 * older entries (if any) with the same key.
 *
 * Note: Callers should not hold their pointers to <b>router</b> if this
 * function fails; <b>router</b> will either be inserted into the routerlist or
 * freed. Similarly, even if this call succeeds, they should not hold their
 * pointers to <b>router</b> after subsequent calls with other routerinfo's --
 * they might cause the original routerinfo to get freed.
 *
 * Returns the status for the operation. Might set *<b>msg</b> if it wants
 * the poster of the router to know something.
 *
 * If <b>from_cache</b>, this descriptor came from our disk cache. If
 * <b>from_fetch</b>, we received it in response to a request we made.
 * (If both are false, that means it was uploaded to us as an auth dir
 * server or via the controller.)
 *
 * This function should be called *after*
 * routers_update_status_from_consensus_networkstatus; subsequently, you
 * should call router_rebuild_store and routerlist_descriptors_added.
 */
was_router_added_t
router_add_to_routerlist(routerinfo_t *router, const char **msg,
                         int from_cache, int from_fetch)
{
  const char *id_digest;
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  int authdir = authdir_mode_handles_descs(options, router->purpose);
  int authdir_believes_valid = 0;
  routerinfo_t *old_router;
  networkstatus_t *consensus =
    networkstatus_get_latest_consensus_by_flavor(FLAV_NS);
  int in_consensus = 0;

  tor_assert(msg);

  if (!routerlist)
    router_get_routerlist();

  id_digest = router->cache_info.identity_digest;

  old_router = router_get_mutable_by_digest(id_digest);

  /* Make sure that it isn't expired. */
  if (router->cert_expiration_time < approx_time()) {
    routerinfo_free(router);
    *msg = "Some certs on this router are expired.";
    return ROUTER_CERTS_EXPIRED;
  }

  /* Make sure that we haven't already got this exact descriptor. */
  if (sdmap_get(routerlist->desc_digest_map,
                router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest)) {
    /* If we have this descriptor already and the new descriptor is a bridge
     * descriptor, replace it. If we had a bridge descriptor before and the
     * new one is not a bridge descriptor, don't replace it. */

    /* Only members of routerlist->identity_map can be bridges; we don't
     * put bridges in old_routers. */
    const int was_bridge = old_router &&
      old_router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE;

    if (routerinfo_is_a_configured_bridge(router) &&
        router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE &&
        !was_bridge) {
      log_info(LD_DIR, "Replacing non-bridge descriptor with bridge "
               "descriptor for router %s",
               router_describe(router));
    } else {
      log_info(LD_DIR,
               "Dropping descriptor that we already have for router %s",
               router_describe(router));
      *msg = "Router descriptor was not new.";
      routerinfo_free(router);
      return ROUTER_IS_ALREADY_KNOWN;
    }
  }

  if (authdir) {
    if (authdir_wants_to_reject_router(router, msg,
                                       !from_cache && !from_fetch,
                                       &authdir_believes_valid)) {
      tor_assert(*msg);
      routerinfo_free(router);
      return ROUTER_AUTHDIR_REJECTS;
    }
  } else if (from_fetch) {
    /* Only check the descriptor digest against the network statuses when
     * we are receiving in response to a fetch. */

    if (!signed_desc_digest_is_recognized(&router->cache_info) &&
        !routerinfo_is_a_configured_bridge(router)) {
      /* We asked for it, so some networkstatus must have listed it when we
       * did.  Save it if we're a cache in case somebody else asks for it. */
      log_info(LD_DIR,
               "Received a no-longer-recognized descriptor for router %s",
               router_describe(router));
      *msg = "Router descriptor is not referenced by any network-status.";

      /* Only journal this desc if we want to keep old descriptors */
      if (!from_cache && should_cache_old_descriptors())
        signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                      &routerlist->desc_store);
      routerlist_insert_old(routerlist, router);
      return ROUTER_NOT_IN_CONSENSUS_OR_NETWORKSTATUS;
    }
  }

  /* We no longer need a router with this descriptor digest. */
  if (consensus) {
    routerstatus_t *rs = networkstatus_vote_find_mutable_entry(
                                                     consensus, id_digest);
    if (rs && tor_memeq(rs->descriptor_digest,
                      router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                      DIGEST_LEN)) {
      in_consensus = 1;
    }
  }

  if (router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL &&
      consensus && !in_consensus && !authdir) {
    /* If it's a general router not listed in the consensus, then don't
     * consider replacing the latest router with it. */
    if (!from_cache && should_cache_old_descriptors())
      signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                    &routerlist->desc_store);
    routerlist_insert_old(routerlist, router);
    *msg = "Skipping router descriptor: not in consensus.";
    return ROUTER_NOT_IN_CONSENSUS;
  }

  /* If we're reading a bridge descriptor from our cache, and we don't
   * recognize it as one of our currently configured bridges, drop the
   * descriptor. Otherwise we could end up using it as one of our entry
   * guards even if it isn't in our Bridge config lines. */
  if (router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE && from_cache &&
      !authdir_mode_bridge(options) &&
      !routerinfo_is_a_configured_bridge(router)) {
    log_info(LD_DIR, "Dropping bridge descriptor for %s because we have "
             "no bridge configured at that address.",
             safe_str_client(router_describe(router)));
    *msg = "Router descriptor was not a configured bridge.";
    routerinfo_free(router);
    return ROUTER_WAS_NOT_WANTED;
  }

  /* If we have a router with the same identity key, choose the newer one. */
  if (old_router) {
    if (!in_consensus && (router->cache_info.published_on <=
                          old_router->cache_info.published_on)) {
      /* Same key, but old.  This one is not listed in the consensus. */
      log_debug(LD_DIR, "Not-new descriptor for router %s",
                router_describe(router));
      /* Only journal this desc if we'll be serving it. */
      if (!from_cache && should_cache_old_descriptors())
        signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                      &routerlist->desc_store);
      routerlist_insert_old(routerlist, router);
      *msg = "Router descriptor was not new.";
      return ROUTER_IS_ALREADY_KNOWN;
    } else {
      /* Same key, and either new, or listed in the consensus. */
      log_debug(LD_DIR, "Replacing entry for router %s",
                router_describe(router));
      routerlist_replace(routerlist, old_router, router);
      if (!from_cache) {
        signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                      &routerlist->desc_store);
      }
      *msg = authdir_believes_valid ? "Valid server updated" :
        ("Invalid server updated. (This dirserver is marking your "
         "server as unapproved.)");
      return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY;
    }
  }

  if (!in_consensus && from_cache &&
      router_descriptor_is_older_than(router, OLD_ROUTER_DESC_MAX_AGE)) {
    *msg = "Router descriptor was really old.";
    routerinfo_free(router);
    return ROUTER_WAS_TOO_OLD;
  }

  /* We haven't seen a router with this identity before. Add it to the end of
   * the list. */
  routerlist_insert(routerlist, router);
  if (!from_cache) {
    signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                  &routerlist->desc_store);
  }
  return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY;
}

/** Insert <b>ei</b> into the routerlist, or free it. Other arguments are
 * as for router_add_to_routerlist().  Return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY iff
 * we actually inserted it, ROUTER_BAD_EI otherwise.
 */
was_router_added_t
router_add_extrainfo_to_routerlist(extrainfo_t *ei, const char **msg,
                                   int from_cache, int from_fetch)
{
  was_router_added_t inserted;
  (void)from_fetch;
  if (msg) *msg = NULL;
  /*XXXX Do something with msg */

  inserted = extrainfo_insert(router_get_routerlist(), ei, !from_cache);

  if (WRA_WAS_ADDED(inserted) && !from_cache)
    signed_desc_append_to_journal(&ei->cache_info,
                                  &routerlist->extrainfo_store);

  return inserted;
}

/** Sorting helper: return &lt;0, 0, or &gt;0 depending on whether the
 * signed_descriptor_t* in *<b>a</b> has an identity digest preceding, equal
 * to, or later than that of *<b>b</b>. */
static int
compare_old_routers_by_identity_(const void **_a, const void **_b)
{
  int i;
  const signed_descriptor_t *r1 = *_a, *r2 = *_b;
  if ((i = fast_memcmp(r1->identity_digest, r2->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)))
    return i;
  return (int)(r1->published_on - r2->published_on);
}

/** Internal type used to represent how long an old descriptor was valid,
 * where it appeared in the list of old descriptors, and whether it's extra
 * old. Used only by routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(). */
struct duration_idx_t {
  int duration;
  int idx;
  int old;
};

/** Sorting helper: compare two duration_idx_t by their duration. */
static int
compare_duration_idx_(const void *_d1, const void *_d2)
{
  const struct duration_idx_t *d1 = _d1;
  const struct duration_idx_t *d2 = _d2;
  return d1->duration - d2->duration;
}

/** The range <b>lo</b> through <b>hi</b> inclusive of routerlist->old_routers
 * must contain routerinfo_t with the same identity and with publication time
 * in ascending order.  Remove members from this range until there are no more
 * than max_descriptors_per_router() remaining.  Start by removing the oldest
 * members from before <b>cutoff</b>, then remove members which were current
 * for the lowest amount of time.  The order of members of old_routers at
 * indices <b>lo</b> or higher may be changed.
 */
static void
routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(time_t now,
                                             time_t cutoff, int lo, int hi,
                                             digestset_t *retain)
{
  int i, n = hi-lo+1;
  unsigned n_extra, n_rmv = 0;
  struct duration_idx_t *lifespans;
  uint8_t *rmv, *must_keep;
  smartlist_t *lst = routerlist->old_routers;
#if 1
  const char *ident;
  tor_assert(hi < smartlist_len(lst));
  tor_assert(lo <= hi);
  ident = ((signed_descriptor_t*)smartlist_get(lst, lo))->identity_digest;
  for (i = lo+1; i <= hi; ++i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(lst, i);
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(ident, r->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
  }
#endif /* 1 */
  /* Check whether we need to do anything at all. */
  {
    int mdpr = directory_caches_dir_info(get_options()) ? 2 : 1;
    if (n <= mdpr)
      return;
    n_extra = n - mdpr;
  }

  lifespans = tor_calloc(n, sizeof(struct duration_idx_t));
  rmv = tor_calloc(n, sizeof(uint8_t));
  must_keep = tor_calloc(n, sizeof(uint8_t));
  /* Set lifespans to contain the lifespan and index of each server. */
  /* Set rmv[i-lo]=1 if we're going to remove a server for being too old. */
  for (i = lo; i <= hi; ++i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(lst, i);
    signed_descriptor_t *r_next;
    lifespans[i-lo].idx = i;
    if (r->last_listed_as_valid_until >= now ||
        (retain && digestset_probably_contains(retain,
                                               r->signed_descriptor_digest))) {
      must_keep[i-lo] = 1;
    }
    if (i < hi) {
      r_next = smartlist_get(lst, i+1);
      tor_assert(r->published_on <= r_next->published_on);
      lifespans[i-lo].duration = (int)(r_next->published_on - r->published_on);
    } else {
      r_next = NULL;
      lifespans[i-lo].duration = INT_MAX;
    }
    if (!must_keep[i-lo] && r->published_on < cutoff && n_rmv < n_extra) {
      ++n_rmv;
      lifespans[i-lo].old = 1;
      rmv[i-lo] = 1;
    }
  }

  if (n_rmv < n_extra) {
    /**
     * We aren't removing enough servers for being old.  Sort lifespans by
     * the duration of liveness, and remove the ones we're not already going to
     * remove based on how long they were alive.
     **/
    qsort(lifespans, n, sizeof(struct duration_idx_t), compare_duration_idx_);
    for (i = 0; i < n && n_rmv < n_extra; ++i) {
      if (!must_keep[lifespans[i].idx-lo] && !lifespans[i].old) {
        rmv[lifespans[i].idx-lo] = 1;
        ++n_rmv;
      }
    }
  }

  i = hi;
  do {
    if (rmv[i-lo])
      routerlist_remove_old(routerlist, smartlist_get(lst, i), i);
  } while (--i >= lo);
  tor_free(must_keep);
  tor_free(rmv);
  tor_free(lifespans);
}

/** Deactivate any routers from the routerlist that are more than
 * ROUTER_MAX_AGE seconds old and not recommended by any networkstatuses;
 * remove old routers from the list of cached routers if we have too many.
 */
void
routerlist_remove_old_routers(void)
{
  int i, hi=-1;
  const char *cur_id = NULL;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  time_t cutoff;
  routerinfo_t *router;
  signed_descriptor_t *sd;
  digestset_t *retain;
  const networkstatus_t *consensus = networkstatus_get_latest_consensus();

  trusted_dirs_remove_old_certs();

  if (!routerlist || !consensus)
    return;

  // routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  /* We need to guess how many router descriptors we will wind up wanting to
     retain, so that we can be sure to allocate a large enough Bloom filter
     to hold the digest set.  Overestimating is fine; underestimating is bad.
  */
  {
    /* We'll probably retain everything in the consensus. */
    int n_max_retain = smartlist_len(consensus->routerstatus_list);
    retain = digestset_new(n_max_retain);
  }

  cutoff = now - OLD_ROUTER_DESC_MAX_AGE;
  /* Retain anything listed in the consensus. */
  if (consensus) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(consensus->routerstatus_list, routerstatus_t *, rs,
        if (rs->published_on >= cutoff)
          digestset_add(retain, rs->descriptor_digest));
  }

  /* If we have a consensus, we should consider pruning current routers that
   * are too old and that nobody recommends.  (If we don't have a consensus,
   * then we should get one before we decide to kill routers.) */

  if (consensus) {
    cutoff = now - ROUTER_MAX_AGE;
    /* Remove too-old unrecommended members of routerlist->routers. */
    for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(routerlist->routers); ++i) {
      router = smartlist_get(routerlist->routers, i);
      if (router->cache_info.published_on <= cutoff &&
          router->cache_info.last_listed_as_valid_until < now &&
          !digestset_probably_contains(retain,
                          router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest)) {
        /* Too old: remove it.  (If we're a cache, just move it into
         * old_routers.) */
        log_info(LD_DIR,
                 "Forgetting obsolete (too old) routerinfo for router %s",
                 router_describe(router));
        routerlist_remove(routerlist, router, 1, now);
        i--;
      }
    }
  }

  //routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  /* Remove far-too-old members of routerlist->old_routers. */
  cutoff = now - OLD_ROUTER_DESC_MAX_AGE;
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers); ++i) {
    sd = smartlist_get(routerlist->old_routers, i);
    if (sd->published_on <= cutoff &&
        sd->last_listed_as_valid_until < now &&
        !digestset_probably_contains(retain, sd->signed_descriptor_digest)) {
      /* Too old.  Remove it. */
      routerlist_remove_old(routerlist, sd, i--);
    }
  }

  //routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "We have %d live routers and %d old router descriptors.",
           smartlist_len(routerlist->routers),
           smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers));

  /* Now we might have to look at routerlist->old_routers for extraneous
   * members. (We'd keep all the members if we could, but we need to save
   * space.) First, check whether we have too many router descriptors, total.
   * We're okay with having too many for some given router, so long as the
   * total number doesn't approach max_descriptors_per_router()*len(router).
   */
  if (smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers) <
      smartlist_len(routerlist->routers))
    goto done;

  /* Sort by identity, then fix indices. */
  smartlist_sort(routerlist->old_routers, compare_old_routers_by_identity_);
  /* Fix indices. */
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers); ++i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(routerlist->old_routers, i);
    r->routerlist_index = i;
  }

  /* Iterate through the list from back to front, so when we remove descriptors
   * we don't mess up groups we haven't gotten to. */
  for (i = smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers)-1; i >= 0; --i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(routerlist->old_routers, i);
    if (!cur_id) {
      cur_id = r->identity_digest;
      hi = i;
    }
    if (tor_memneq(cur_id, r->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
      routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(now,
                                                   cutoff, i+1, hi, retain);
      cur_id = r->identity_digest;
      hi = i;
    }
  }
  if (hi>=0)
    routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(now, cutoff, 0, hi, retain);
  //routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

 done:
  digestset_free(retain);
  router_rebuild_store(RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD, &routerlist->desc_store);
  router_rebuild_store(RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD,&routerlist->extrainfo_store);
}

/** We just added a new set of descriptors. Take whatever extra steps
 * we need. */
void
routerlist_descriptors_added(smartlist_t *sl, int from_cache)
{
  // XXXX use pubsub mechanism here.

  tor_assert(sl);
  control_event_descriptors_changed(sl);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(sl, routerinfo_t *, ri) {
    if (ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE)
      learned_bridge_descriptor(ri, from_cache);
    if (ri->needs_retest_if_added) {
      ri->needs_retest_if_added = 0;
      dirserv_single_reachability_test(approx_time(), ri);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ri);
}

/**
 * Code to parse a single router descriptor and insert it into the
 * routerlist.  Return -1 if the descriptor was ill-formed; 0 if the
 * descriptor was well-formed but could not be added; and 1 if the
 * descriptor was added.
 *
 * If we don't add it and <b>msg</b> is not NULL, then assign to
 * *<b>msg</b> a static string describing the reason for refusing the
 * descriptor.
 *
 * This is used only by the controller.
 */
int
router_load_single_router(const char *s, uint8_t purpose, int cache,
                          const char **msg)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri;
  was_router_added_t r;
  smartlist_t *lst;
  char annotation_buf[ROUTER_ANNOTATION_BUF_LEN];
  tor_assert(msg);
  *msg = NULL;

  tor_snprintf(annotation_buf, sizeof(annotation_buf),
               "@source controller\n"
               "@purpose %s\n", router_purpose_to_string(purpose));

  if (!(ri = router_parse_entry_from_string(s, NULL, 1, 0,
                                            annotation_buf, NULL))) {
    log_warn(LD_DIR, "Error parsing router descriptor; dropping.");
    *msg = "Couldn't parse router descriptor.";
    return -1;
  }
  tor_assert(ri->purpose == purpose);
  if (router_is_me(ri)) {
    log_warn(LD_DIR, "Router's identity key matches mine; dropping.");
    *msg = "Router's identity key matches mine.";
    routerinfo_free(ri);
    return 0;
  }

  if (!cache) /* obey the preference of the controller */
    ri->cache_info.do_not_cache = 1;

  lst = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_add(lst, ri);
  routers_update_status_from_consensus_networkstatus(lst, 0);

  r = router_add_to_routerlist(ri, msg, 0, 0);
  if (!WRA_WAS_ADDED(r)) {
    /* we've already assigned to *msg now, and ri is already freed */
    tor_assert(*msg);
    if (r == ROUTER_AUTHDIR_REJECTS)
      log_warn(LD_DIR, "Couldn't add router to list: %s Dropping.", *msg);
    smartlist_free(lst);
    return 0;
  } else {
    routerlist_descriptors_added(lst, 0);
    smartlist_free(lst);
    log_debug(LD_DIR, "Added router to list");
    return 1;
  }
}

/** Given a string <b>s</b> containing some routerdescs, parse it and put the
 * routers into our directory.  If saved_location is SAVED_NOWHERE, the routers
 * are in response to a query to the network: cache them by adding them to
 * the journal.
 *
 * Return the number of routers actually added.
 *
 * If <b>requested_fingerprints</b> is provided, it must contain a list of
 * uppercased fingerprints.  Do not update any router whose
 * fingerprint is not on the list; after updating a router, remove its
 * fingerprint from the list.
 *
 * If <b>descriptor_digests</b> is non-zero, then the requested_fingerprints
 * are descriptor digests. Otherwise they are identity digests.
 */
int
router_load_routers_from_string(const char *s, const char *eos,
                                saved_location_t saved_location,
                                smartlist_t *requested_fingerprints,
                                int descriptor_digests,
                                const char *prepend_annotations)
{
  smartlist_t *routers = smartlist_new(), *changed = smartlist_new();
  char fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
  const char *msg;
  int from_cache = (saved_location != SAVED_NOWHERE);
  int allow_annotations = (saved_location != SAVED_NOWHERE);
  int any_changed = 0;
  smartlist_t *invalid_digests = smartlist_new();

  router_parse_list_from_string(&s, eos, routers, saved_location, 0,
                                allow_annotations, prepend_annotations,
                                invalid_digests);

  routers_update_status_from_consensus_networkstatus(routers, !from_cache);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "%d elements to add", smartlist_len(routers));

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(routers, routerinfo_t *, ri) {
    was_router_added_t r;
    char d[DIGEST_LEN];
    if (requested_fingerprints) {
      base16_encode(fp, sizeof(fp), descriptor_digests ?
                      ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest :
                      ri->cache_info.identity_digest,
                    DIGEST_LEN);
      if (smartlist_contains_string(requested_fingerprints, fp)) {
        smartlist_string_remove(requested_fingerprints, fp);
      } else {
        char *requested =
          smartlist_join_strings(requested_fingerprints," ",0,NULL);
        log_warn(LD_DIR,
                 "We received a router descriptor with a fingerprint (%s) "
                 "that we never requested. (We asked for: %s.) Dropping.",
                 fp, requested);
        tor_free(requested);
        routerinfo_free(ri);
        continue;
      }
    }

    memcpy(d, ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    r = router_add_to_routerlist(ri, &msg, from_cache, !from_cache);
    if (WRA_WAS_ADDED(r)) {
      any_changed++;
      smartlist_add(changed, ri);
      routerlist_descriptors_added(changed, from_cache);
      smartlist_clear(changed);
    } else if (WRA_NEVER_DOWNLOADABLE(r)) {
      download_status_t *dl_status;
      dl_status = router_get_dl_status_by_descriptor_digest(d);
      if (dl_status) {
        log_info(LD_GENERAL, "Marking router %s as never downloadable",
                 hex_str(d, DIGEST_LEN));
        download_status_mark_impossible(dl_status);
      }
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ri);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(invalid_digests, const uint8_t *, bad_digest) {
    /* This digest is never going to be parseable. */
    base16_encode(fp, sizeof(fp), (char*)bad_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    if (requested_fingerprints && descriptor_digests) {
      if (! smartlist_contains_string(requested_fingerprints, fp)) {
        /* But we didn't ask for it, so we should assume shennanegans. */
        continue;
      }
      smartlist_string_remove(requested_fingerprints, fp);
    }
    download_status_t *dls;
    dls = router_get_dl_status_by_descriptor_digest((char*)bad_digest);
    if (dls) {
      log_info(LD_GENERAL, "Marking router with descriptor %s as unparseable, "
               "and therefore undownloadable", fp);
      download_status_mark_impossible(dls);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(bad_digest);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(invalid_digests, uint8_t *, d, tor_free(d));
  smartlist_free(invalid_digests);

  routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  if (any_changed)
    router_rebuild_store(0, &routerlist->desc_store);

  smartlist_free(routers);
  smartlist_free(changed);

  return any_changed;
}

/** Parse one or more extrainfos from <b>s</b> (ending immediately before
 * <b>eos</b> if <b>eos</b> is present).  Other arguments are as for
 * router_load_routers_from_string(). */
void
router_load_extrainfo_from_string(const char *s, const char *eos,
                                  saved_location_t saved_location,
                                  smartlist_t *requested_fingerprints,
                                  int descriptor_digests)
{
  smartlist_t *extrainfo_list = smartlist_new();
  const char *msg;
  int from_cache = (saved_location != SAVED_NOWHERE);
  smartlist_t *invalid_digests = smartlist_new();

  router_parse_list_from_string(&s, eos, extrainfo_list, saved_location, 1, 0,
                                NULL, invalid_digests);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "%d elements to add", smartlist_len(extrainfo_list));

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(extrainfo_list, extrainfo_t *, ei) {
      uint8_t d[DIGEST_LEN];
      memcpy(d, ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
      was_router_added_t added =
        router_add_extrainfo_to_routerlist(ei, &msg, from_cache, !from_cache);
      if (WRA_WAS_ADDED(added) && requested_fingerprints) {
        char fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
        base16_encode(fp, sizeof(fp), descriptor_digests ?
                        ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest :
                        ei->cache_info.identity_digest,
                      DIGEST_LEN);
        smartlist_string_remove(requested_fingerprints, fp);
        /* We silently let relays stuff us with extrainfos we didn't ask for,
         * so long as we would have wanted them anyway.  Since we always fetch
         * all the extrainfos we want, and we never actually act on them
         * inside Tor, this should be harmless. */
      } else if (WRA_NEVER_DOWNLOADABLE(added)) {
        signed_descriptor_t *sd = router_get_by_extrainfo_digest((char*)d);
        if (sd) {
          log_info(LD_GENERAL, "Marking extrainfo with descriptor %s as "
                   "unparseable, and therefore undownloadable",
                   hex_str((char*)d,DIGEST_LEN));
          download_status_mark_impossible(&sd->ei_dl_status);
        }
      }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ei);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(invalid_digests, const uint8_t *, bad_digest) {
    /* This digest is never going to be parseable. */
    char fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
    base16_encode(fp, sizeof(fp), (char*)bad_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    if (requested_fingerprints) {
      if (! smartlist_contains_string(requested_fingerprints, fp)) {
        /* But we didn't ask for it, so we should assume shennanegans. */
        continue;
      }
      smartlist_string_remove(requested_fingerprints, fp);
    }
    signed_descriptor_t *sd =
      router_get_by_extrainfo_digest((char*)bad_digest);
    if (sd) {
      log_info(LD_GENERAL, "Marking extrainfo with descriptor %s as "
               "unparseable, and therefore undownloadable", fp);
      download_status_mark_impossible(&sd->ei_dl_status);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(bad_digest);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(invalid_digests, uint8_t *, d, tor_free(d));
  smartlist_free(invalid_digests);

  routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);
  router_rebuild_store(0, &router_get_routerlist()->extrainfo_store);

  smartlist_free(extrainfo_list);
}

/** Return true iff the latest ns-flavored consensus includes a descriptor
 * whose digest is that of <b>desc</b>. */
static int
signed_desc_digest_is_recognized(signed_descriptor_t *desc)
{
  const routerstatus_t *rs;
  networkstatus_t *consensus = networkstatus_get_latest_consensus_by_flavor(
                                                                      FLAV_NS);

  if (consensus) {
    rs = networkstatus_vote_find_entry(consensus, desc->identity_digest);
    if (rs && tor_memeq(rs->descriptor_digest,
                      desc->signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
      return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Update downloads for router descriptors and/or microdescriptors as
 * appropriate. */
void
update_all_descriptor_downloads(time_t now)
{
  if (should_delay_dir_fetches(get_options(), NULL))
    return;
  update_router_descriptor_downloads(now);
  update_microdesc_downloads(now);
  launch_dummy_descriptor_download_as_needed(now, get_options());
}

/** Clear all our timeouts for fetching v3 directory stuff, and then
 * give it all a try again. */
void
routerlist_retry_directory_downloads(time_t now)
{
  (void)now;

  log_debug(LD_GENERAL,
            "In routerlist_retry_directory_downloads()");

  router_reset_status_download_failures();
  router_reset_descriptor_download_failures();
  reschedule_directory_downloads();
}

/** Return true iff <b>router</b> does not permit exit streams.
 */
int
router_exit_policy_rejects_all(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  return router->policy_is_reject_star;
}

/** For every current directory connection whose purpose is <b>purpose</b>,
 * and where the resource being downloaded begins with <b>prefix</b>, split
 * rest of the resource into base16 fingerprints (or base64 fingerprints if
 * purpose==DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC), decode them, and set the
 * corresponding elements of <b>result</b> to a nonzero value.
 */
void
list_pending_downloads(digestmap_t *result, digest256map_t *result256,
                       int purpose, const char *prefix)
{
  const size_t p_len = strlen(prefix);
  smartlist_t *tmp = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_t *conns = get_connection_array();
  int flags = DSR_HEX;
  if (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC)
    flags = DSR_DIGEST256|DSR_BASE64;

  tor_assert(result || result256);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(conns, connection_t *, conn) {
    if (conn->type == CONN_TYPE_DIR &&
        conn->purpose == purpose &&
        !conn->marked_for_close) {
      const char *resource = TO_DIR_CONN(conn)->requested_resource;
      if (!strcmpstart(resource, prefix))
        dir_split_resource_into_fingerprints(resource + p_len,
                                             tmp, NULL, flags);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(conn);

  if (result) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(tmp, char *, d,
                    {
                      digestmap_set(result, d, (void*)1);
                      tor_free(d);
                    });
  } else if (result256) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(tmp, uint8_t *, d,
                    {
                      digest256map_set(result256, d, (void*)1);
                      tor_free(d);
                    });
  }
  smartlist_free(tmp);
}

/** For every router descriptor (or extra-info document if <b>extrainfo</b> is
 * true) we are currently downloading by descriptor digest, set result[d] to
 * (void*)1. */
static void
list_pending_descriptor_downloads(digestmap_t *result, int extrainfo)
{
  int purpose =
    extrainfo ? DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_EXTRAINFO : DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC;
  list_pending_downloads(result, NULL, purpose, "d/");
}

/** For every microdescriptor we are currently downloading by descriptor
 * digest, set result[d] to (void*)1.
 */
void
list_pending_microdesc_downloads(digest256map_t *result)
{
  list_pending_downloads(NULL, result, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC, "d/");
}

/** Launch downloads for all the descriptors whose digests or digests256
 * are listed as digests[i] for lo <= i < hi.  (Lo and hi may be out of
 * range.)  If <b>source</b> is given, download from <b>source</b>;
 * otherwise, download from an appropriate random directory server.
 */
MOCK_IMPL(STATIC void,
initiate_descriptor_downloads,(const routerstatus_t *source,
                               int purpose, smartlist_t *digests,
                               int lo, int hi, int pds_flags))
{
  char *resource, *cp;
  int digest_len, enc_digest_len;
  const char *sep;
  int b64_256;
  smartlist_t *tmp;

  if (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC) {
    /* Microdescriptors are downloaded by "-"-separated base64-encoded
     * 256-bit digests. */
    digest_len = DIGEST256_LEN;
    enc_digest_len = BASE64_DIGEST256_LEN + 1;
    sep = "-";
    b64_256 = 1;
  } else {
    digest_len = DIGEST_LEN;
    enc_digest_len = HEX_DIGEST_LEN + 1;
    sep = "+";
    b64_256 = 0;
  }

  if (lo < 0)
    lo = 0;
  if (hi > smartlist_len(digests))
    hi = smartlist_len(digests);

  if (hi-lo <= 0)
    return;

  tmp = smartlist_new();

  for (; lo < hi; ++lo) {
    cp = tor_malloc(enc_digest_len);
    if (b64_256) {
      digest256_to_base64(cp, smartlist_get(digests, lo));
    } else {
      base16_encode(cp, enc_digest_len, smartlist_get(digests, lo),
                    digest_len);
    }
    smartlist_add(tmp, cp);
  }

  cp = smartlist_join_strings(tmp, sep, 0, NULL);
  tor_asprintf(&resource, "d/%s.z", cp);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(tmp, char *, cp1, tor_free(cp1));
  smartlist_free(tmp);
  tor_free(cp);

  if (source) {
    /* We know which authority or directory mirror we want. */
    directory_request_t *req = directory_request_new(purpose);
    directory_request_set_routerstatus(req, source);
    directory_request_set_resource(req, resource);
    directory_initiate_request(req);
    directory_request_free(req);
  } else {
    directory_get_from_dirserver(purpose, ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL, resource,
                                 pds_flags, DL_WANT_ANY_DIRSERVER);
  }
  tor_free(resource);
}

/** Return the max number of hashes to put in a URL for a given request.
 */
static int
max_dl_per_request(const or_options_t *options, int purpose)
{
  /* Since squid does not like URLs >= 4096 bytes we limit it to 96.
   *   4096 - strlen(http://[ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff]:65535
   *                 /tor/server/d/.z) == 4026
   *   4026/41 (40 for the hash and 1 for the + that separates them) => 98
   *   So use 96 because it's a nice number.
   *
   * For microdescriptors, the calculation is
   *   4096 - strlen(http://[ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff]:65535
   *                 /tor/micro/d/.z) == 4027
   *   4027/44 (43 for the hash and 1 for the - that separates them) => 91
   *   So use 90 because it's a nice number.
   */
  int max = 96;
  if (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC) {
    max = 90;
  }
  /* If we're going to tunnel our connections, we can ask for a lot more
   * in a request. */
  if (dirclient_must_use_begindir(options)) {
    max = 500;
  }
  return max;
}

/** Don't split our requests so finely that we are requesting fewer than
 * this number per server. (Grouping more than this at once leads to
 * diminishing returns.) */
#define MIN_DL_PER_REQUEST 32
/** To prevent a single screwy cache from confusing us by selective reply,
 * try to split our requests into at least this many requests. */
#define MIN_REQUESTS 3
/** If we want fewer than this many descriptors, wait until we
 * want more, or until TestingClientMaxIntervalWithoutRequest has passed. */
#define MAX_DL_TO_DELAY 16

/** Given a <b>purpose</b> (FETCH_MICRODESC or FETCH_SERVERDESC) and a list of
 * router descriptor digests or microdescriptor digest256s in
 * <b>downloadable</b>, decide whether to delay fetching until we have more.
 * If we don't want to delay, launch one or more requests to the appropriate
 * directory authorities.
 */
void
launch_descriptor_downloads(int purpose,
                            smartlist_t *downloadable,
                            const routerstatus_t *source, time_t now)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  const char *descname;
  const int fetch_microdesc = (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC);
  int n_downloadable = smartlist_len(downloadable);

  int i, n_per_request, max_dl_per_req;
  const char *req_plural = "", *rtr_plural = "";
  int pds_flags = PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS;

  tor_assert(fetch_microdesc || purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC);
  descname = fetch_microdesc ? "microdesc" : "routerdesc";

  if (!n_downloadable)
    return;

  if (!dirclient_fetches_dir_info_early(options)) {
    if (n_downloadable >= MAX_DL_TO_DELAY) {
      log_debug(LD_DIR,
                "There are enough downloadable %ss to launch requests.",
                descname);
    } else if (! router_have_minimum_dir_info()) {
      log_debug(LD_DIR,
                "We are only missing %d %ss, but we'll fetch anyway, since "
                "we don't yet have enough directory info.",
                n_downloadable, descname);
    } else {

      /* should delay */
      if ((last_descriptor_download_attempted +
          options->TestingClientMaxIntervalWithoutRequest) > now)
        return;

      if (last_descriptor_download_attempted) {
        log_info(LD_DIR,
                 "There are not many downloadable %ss, but we've "
                 "been waiting long enough (%d seconds). Downloading.",
                 descname,
                 (int)(now-last_descriptor_download_attempted));
      } else {
        log_info(LD_DIR,
                 "There are not many downloadable %ss, but we haven't "
                 "tried downloading descriptors recently. Downloading.",
                 descname);
      }
    }
  }

  if (!authdir_mode(options)) {
    /* If we wind up going to the authorities, we want to only open one
     * connection to each authority at a time, so that we don't overload
     * them.  We do this by setting PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH
     * regardless of whether we're a cache or not.
     *
     * Setting this flag can make initiate_descriptor_downloads() ignore
     * requests.  We need to make sure that we do in fact call
     * update_router_descriptor_downloads() later on, once the connections
     * have succeeded or failed.
     */
    pds_flags |= fetch_microdesc ?
      PDS_NO_EXISTING_MICRODESC_FETCH :
      PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH;
  }

  n_per_request = CEIL_DIV(n_downloadable, MIN_REQUESTS);
  max_dl_per_req = max_dl_per_request(options, purpose);

  if (n_per_request > max_dl_per_req)
    n_per_request = max_dl_per_req;

  if (n_per_request < MIN_DL_PER_REQUEST) {
    n_per_request = MIN(MIN_DL_PER_REQUEST, n_downloadable);
  }

  if (n_downloadable > n_per_request)
    req_plural = rtr_plural = "s";
  else if (n_downloadable > 1)
    rtr_plural = "s";

  log_info(LD_DIR,
           "Launching %d request%s for %d %s%s, %d at a time",
           CEIL_DIV(n_downloadable, n_per_request), req_plural,
           n_downloadable, descname, rtr_plural, n_per_request);
  smartlist_sort_digests(downloadable);
  for (i=0; i < n_downloadable; i += n_per_request) {
    initiate_descriptor_downloads(source, purpose,
                                  downloadable, i, i+n_per_request,
                                  pds_flags);
  }
  last_descriptor_download_attempted = now;
}

/** For any descriptor that we want that's currently listed in
 * <b>consensus</b>, download it as appropriate. */
void
update_consensus_router_descriptor_downloads(time_t now, int is_vote,
                                             networkstatus_t *consensus)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  digestmap_t *map = NULL;
  smartlist_t *no_longer_old = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_t *downloadable = smartlist_new();
  routerstatus_t *source = NULL;
  int authdir = authdir_mode(options);
  int n_delayed=0, n_have=0, n_would_reject=0, n_wouldnt_use=0,
    n_inprogress=0, n_in_oldrouters=0;

  if (dirclient_too_idle_to_fetch_descriptors(options, now))
    goto done;
  if (!consensus)
    goto done;

  if (is_vote) {
    /* where's it from, so we know whom to ask for descriptors */
    dir_server_t *ds;
    networkstatus_voter_info_t *voter = smartlist_get(consensus->voters, 0);
    tor_assert(voter);
    ds = trusteddirserver_get_by_v3_auth_digest(voter->identity_digest);
    if (ds)
      source = &(ds->fake_status);
    else
      log_warn(LD_DIR, "couldn't lookup source from vote?");
  }

  map = digestmap_new();
  list_pending_descriptor_downloads(map, 0);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(consensus->routerstatus_list, void *, rsp) {
      routerstatus_t *rs;
      vote_routerstatus_t *vrs;
      if (is_vote) {
        rs = &(((vote_routerstatus_t *)rsp)->status);
        vrs = rsp;
      } else {
        rs = rsp;
        vrs = NULL;
      }
      signed_descriptor_t *sd;
      if ((sd = router_get_by_descriptor_digest(rs->descriptor_digest))) {
        const routerinfo_t *ri;
        ++n_have;
        if (!(ri = router_get_by_id_digest(rs->identity_digest)) ||
            tor_memneq(ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                   sd->signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
          /* We have a descriptor with this digest, but either there is no
           * entry in routerlist with the same ID (!ri), or there is one,
           * but the identity digest differs (memneq).
           */
          smartlist_add(no_longer_old, sd);
          ++n_in_oldrouters; /* We have it in old_routers. */
        }
        continue; /* We have it already. */
      }
      if (digestmap_get(map, rs->descriptor_digest)) {
        ++n_inprogress;
        continue; /* We have an in-progress download. */
      }
      if (!download_status_is_ready(&rs->dl_status, now)) {
        ++n_delayed; /* Not ready for retry. */
        continue;
      }
      if (authdir && is_vote && dirserv_would_reject_router(rs, vrs)) {
        ++n_would_reject;
        continue; /* We would throw it out immediately. */
      }
      if (!we_want_to_fetch_flavor(options, consensus->flavor) &&
          !client_would_use_router(rs, now)) {
        ++n_wouldnt_use;
        continue; /* We would never use it ourself. */
      }
      if (is_vote && source) {
        char time_bufnew[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
        char time_bufold[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
        const routerinfo_t *oldrouter;
        oldrouter = router_get_by_id_digest(rs->identity_digest);
        format_iso_time(time_bufnew, rs->published_on);
        if (oldrouter)
          format_iso_time(time_bufold, oldrouter->cache_info.published_on);
        log_info(LD_DIR, "Learned about %s (%s vs %s) from %s's vote (%s)",
                 routerstatus_describe(rs),
                 time_bufnew,
                 oldrouter ? time_bufold : "none",
                 source->nickname, oldrouter ? "known" : "unknown");
      }
      smartlist_add(downloadable, rs->descriptor_digest);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(rsp);

  if (!authdir_mode_v3(options)
      && smartlist_len(no_longer_old)) {
    routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
    log_info(LD_DIR, "%d router descriptors listed in consensus are "
             "currently in old_routers; making them current.",
             smartlist_len(no_longer_old));
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(no_longer_old, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
        const char *msg;
        was_router_added_t r;
        time_t tmp_cert_expiration_time;
        routerinfo_t *ri = routerlist_reparse_old(rl, sd);
        if (!ri) {
          log_warn(LD_BUG, "Failed to re-parse a router.");
          continue;
        }
        /* need to remember for below, since add_to_routerlist may free. */
        tmp_cert_expiration_time = ri->cert_expiration_time;

        r = router_add_to_routerlist(ri, &msg, 1, 0);
        if (WRA_WAS_OUTDATED(r)) {
          log_warn(LD_DIR, "Couldn't add re-parsed router: %s. This isn't "
                   "usually a big deal, but you should make sure that your "
                   "clock and timezone are set correctly.",
                   msg?msg:"???");
          if (r == ROUTER_CERTS_EXPIRED) {
            char time_cons[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
            char time_cert_expires[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
            format_iso_time(time_cons, consensus->valid_after);
            format_iso_time(time_cert_expires, tmp_cert_expiration_time);
            log_warn(LD_DIR, "  (I'm looking at a consensus from %s; This "
                     "router's certificates began expiring at %s.)",
                     time_cons, time_cert_expires);
          }
        }
    } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);
    routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
  }

  log_info(LD_DIR,
           "%d router descriptors downloadable. %d delayed; %d present "
           "(%d of those were in old_routers); %d would_reject; "
           "%d wouldnt_use; %d in progress.",
           smartlist_len(downloadable), n_delayed, n_have, n_in_oldrouters,
           n_would_reject, n_wouldnt_use, n_inprogress);

  launch_descriptor_downloads(DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC,
                              downloadable, source, now);

  digestmap_free(map, NULL);
 done:
  smartlist_free(downloadable);
  smartlist_free(no_longer_old);
}

/** How often should we launch a server/authority request to be sure of getting
 * a guess for our IP? */
/*XXXX+ this info should come from netinfo cells or something, or we should
 * do this only when we aren't seeing incoming data. see bug 652. */
#define DUMMY_DOWNLOAD_INTERVAL (20*60)

/** As needed, launch a dummy router descriptor fetch to see if our
 * address has changed. */
static void
launch_dummy_descriptor_download_as_needed(time_t now,
                                           const or_options_t *options)
{
  static time_t last_dummy_download = 0;
  /* XXXX+ we could be smarter here; see notes on bug 652. */
  /* If we're a server that doesn't have a configured address, we rely on
   * directory fetches to learn when our address changes.  So if we haven't
   * tried to get any routerdescs in a long time, try a dummy fetch now. */
  if (!options->Address &&
      server_mode(options) &&
      last_descriptor_download_attempted + DUMMY_DOWNLOAD_INTERVAL < now &&
      last_dummy_download + DUMMY_DOWNLOAD_INTERVAL < now) {
    last_dummy_download = now;
    /* XX/teor - do we want an authority here, because they are less likely
     * to give us the wrong address? (See #17782)
     * I'm leaving the previous behaviour intact, because I don't like
     * the idea of some relays contacting an authority every 20 minutes. */
    directory_get_from_dirserver(DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC,
                                 ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL, "authority.z",
                                 PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS,
                                 DL_WANT_ANY_DIRSERVER);
  }
}

/** Launch downloads for router status as needed. */
void
update_router_descriptor_downloads(time_t now)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  if (should_delay_dir_fetches(options, NULL))
    return;
  if (!we_fetch_router_descriptors(options))
    return;

  update_consensus_router_descriptor_downloads(now, 0,
                  networkstatus_get_reasonably_live_consensus(now, FLAV_NS));
}

/** Launch extrainfo downloads as needed. */
void
update_extrainfo_downloads(time_t now)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  routerlist_t *rl;
  smartlist_t *wanted;
  digestmap_t *pending;
  int old_routers, i, max_dl_per_req;
  int n_no_ei = 0, n_pending = 0, n_have = 0, n_delay = 0, n_bogus[2] = {0,0};
  if (! options->DownloadExtraInfo)
    return;
  if (should_delay_dir_fetches(options, NULL))
    return;
  if (!router_have_minimum_dir_info())
    return;

  pending = digestmap_new();
  list_pending_descriptor_downloads(pending, 1);
  rl = router_get_routerlist();
  wanted = smartlist_new();
  for (old_routers = 0; old_routers < 2; ++old_routers) {
    smartlist_t *lst = old_routers ? rl->old_routers : rl->routers;
    for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(lst); ++i) {
      signed_descriptor_t *sd;
      char *d;
      if (old_routers)
        sd = smartlist_get(lst, i);
      else
        sd = &((routerinfo_t*)smartlist_get(lst, i))->cache_info;
      if (sd->is_extrainfo)
        continue; /* This should never happen. */
      if (old_routers && !router_get_by_id_digest(sd->identity_digest))
        continue; /* Couldn't check the signature if we got it. */
      if (sd->extrainfo_is_bogus)
        continue;
      d = sd->extra_info_digest;
      if (tor_digest_is_zero(d)) {
        ++n_no_ei;
        continue;
      }
      if (eimap_get(rl->extra_info_map, d)) {
        ++n_have;
        continue;
      }
      if (!download_status_is_ready(&sd->ei_dl_status, now)) {
        ++n_delay;
        continue;
      }
      if (digestmap_get(pending, d)) {
        ++n_pending;
        continue;
      }

      const signed_descriptor_t *sd2 = router_get_by_extrainfo_digest(d);
      if (sd2 != sd) {
        if (sd2 != NULL) {
          char d1[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1], d2[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
          char d3[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1], d4[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
          base16_encode(d1, sizeof(d1), sd->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
          base16_encode(d2, sizeof(d2), sd2->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
          base16_encode(d3, sizeof(d3), d, DIGEST_LEN);
          base16_encode(d4, sizeof(d3), sd2->extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN);

          log_info(LD_DIR, "Found an entry in %s with mismatched "
                   "router_get_by_extrainfo_digest() value. This has ID %s "
                   "but the entry in the map has ID %s. This has EI digest "
                   "%s and the entry in the map has EI digest %s.",
                   old_routers?"old_routers":"routers",
                   d1, d2, d3, d4);
        } else {
          char d1[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1], d2[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
          base16_encode(d1, sizeof(d1), sd->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
          base16_encode(d2, sizeof(d2), d, DIGEST_LEN);

          log_info(LD_DIR, "Found an entry in %s with NULL "
                   "router_get_by_extrainfo_digest() value. This has ID %s "
                   "and EI digest %s.",
                   old_routers?"old_routers":"routers",
                   d1, d2);
        }
        ++n_bogus[old_routers];
        continue;
      }
      smartlist_add(wanted, d);
    }
  }
  digestmap_free(pending, NULL);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "Extrainfo download status: %d router with no ei, %d "
           "with present ei, %d delaying, %d pending, %d downloadable, %d "
           "bogus in routers, %d bogus in old_routers",
           n_no_ei, n_have, n_delay, n_pending, smartlist_len(wanted),
           n_bogus[0], n_bogus[1]);

  smartlist_shuffle(wanted);

  max_dl_per_req = max_dl_per_request(options, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_EXTRAINFO);
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(wanted); i += max_dl_per_req) {
    initiate_descriptor_downloads(NULL, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_EXTRAINFO,
                                  wanted, i, i+max_dl_per_req,
                PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS|PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH);
  }

  smartlist_free(wanted);
}

/** Reset the consensus and extra-info download failure count on all routers.
 * When we get a new consensus,
 * routers_update_status_from_consensus_networkstatus() will reset the
 * download statuses on the descriptors in that consensus.
 */
void
router_reset_descriptor_download_failures(void)
{
  log_debug(LD_GENERAL,
            "In router_reset_descriptor_download_failures()");

  networkstatus_reset_download_failures();
  last_descriptor_download_attempted = 0;
  if (!routerlist)
    return;
  /* We want to download *all* extra-info descriptors, not just those in
   * the consensus we currently have (or are about to have) */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri,
  {
    download_status_reset(&ri->cache_info.ei_dl_status);
  });
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
  {
    download_status_reset(&sd->ei_dl_status);
  });
}

/** Any changes in a router descriptor's publication time larger than this are
 * automatically non-cosmetic. */
#define ROUTER_MAX_COSMETIC_TIME_DIFFERENCE (2*60*60)

/** We allow uptime to vary from how much it ought to be by this much. */
#define ROUTER_ALLOW_UPTIME_DRIFT (6*60*60)

/** Return true iff the only differences between r1 and r2 are such that
 * would not cause a recent (post 0.1.1.6) dirserver to republish.
 */
int
router_differences_are_cosmetic(const routerinfo_t *r1, const routerinfo_t *r2)
{
  time_t r1pub, r2pub;
  time_t time_difference;
  tor_assert(r1 && r2);

  /* r1 should be the one that was published first. */
  if (r1->cache_info.published_on > r2->cache_info.published_on) {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_tmp = r2;
    r2 = r1;
    r1 = ri_tmp;
  }

  /* If any key fields differ, they're different. */
  if (r1->addr != r2->addr ||
      strcasecmp(r1->nickname, r2->nickname) ||
      r1->or_port != r2->or_port ||
      !tor_addr_eq(&r1->ipv6_addr, &r2->ipv6_addr) ||
      r1->ipv6_orport != r2->ipv6_orport ||
      r1->dir_port != r2->dir_port ||
      r1->purpose != r2->purpose ||
      r1->onion_pkey_len != r2->onion_pkey_len ||
      !tor_memeq(r1->onion_pkey, r2->onion_pkey, r1->onion_pkey_len) ||
      !crypto_pk_eq_keys(r1->identity_pkey, r2->identity_pkey) ||
      strcasecmp(r1->platform, r2->platform) ||
      (r1->contact_info && !r2->contact_info) || /* contact_info is optional */
      (!r1->contact_info && r2->contact_info) ||
      (r1->contact_info && r2->contact_info &&
       strcasecmp(r1->contact_info, r2->contact_info)) ||
      r1->is_hibernating != r2->is_hibernating ||
      ! addr_policies_eq(r1->exit_policy, r2->exit_policy) ||
      (r1->supports_tunnelled_dir_requests !=
       r2->supports_tunnelled_dir_requests))
    return 0;
  if ((r1->declared_family == NULL) != (r2->declared_family == NULL))
    return 0;
  if (r1->declared_family && r2->declared_family) {
    int i, n;
    if (smartlist_len(r1->declared_family)!=smartlist_len(r2->declared_family))
      return 0;
    n = smartlist_len(r1->declared_family);
    for (i=0; i < n; ++i) {
      if (strcasecmp(smartlist_get(r1->declared_family, i),
                     smartlist_get(r2->declared_family, i)))
        return 0;
    }
  }

  /* Did bandwidth change a lot? */
  if ((r1->bandwidthcapacity < r2->bandwidthcapacity/2) ||
      (r2->bandwidthcapacity < r1->bandwidthcapacity/2))
    return 0;

  /* Did the bandwidthrate or bandwidthburst change? */
  if ((r1->bandwidthrate != r2->bandwidthrate) ||
      (r1->bandwidthburst != r2->bandwidthburst))
    return 0;

  /* Has enough time passed between the publication times? */
  if (r1->cache_info.published_on + ROUTER_MAX_COSMETIC_TIME_DIFFERENCE
      < r2->cache_info.published_on)
    return 0;

  /* Did uptime fail to increase by approximately the amount we would think,
   * give or take some slop? */
  r1pub = r1->cache_info.published_on;
  r2pub = r2->cache_info.published_on;
  time_difference = r2->uptime - (r1->uptime + (r2pub - r1pub));
  if (time_difference < 0)
    time_difference = - time_difference;
  if (time_difference > ROUTER_ALLOW_UPTIME_DRIFT &&
      time_difference > r1->uptime * .05 &&
      time_difference > r2->uptime * .05)
    return 0;

  /* Otherwise, the difference is cosmetic. */
  return 1;
}

/** Check whether <b>sd</b> describes a router descriptor compatible with the
 * extrainfo document <b>ei</b>.
 *
 * <b>identity_pkey</b> (which must also be provided) is RSA1024 identity key
 * for the router. We use it to check the signature of the extrainfo document,
 * if it has not already been checked.
 *
 * If no router is compatible with <b>ei</b>, <b>ei</b> should be
 * dropped.  Return 0 for "compatible", return 1 for "reject, and inform
 * whoever uploaded <b>ei</b>, and return -1 for "reject silently.".  If
 * <b>msg</b> is present, set *<b>msg</b> to a description of the
 * incompatibility (if any).
 *
 * Set the extrainfo_is_bogus field in <b>sd</b> if the digests matched
 * but the extrainfo was nonetheless incompatible.
 **/
int
routerinfo_incompatible_with_extrainfo(const crypto_pk_t *identity_pkey,
                                       extrainfo_t *ei,
                                       signed_descriptor_t *sd,
                                       const char **msg)
{
  int digest_matches, digest256_matches, r=1;
  tor_assert(identity_pkey);
  tor_assert(sd);
  tor_assert(ei);

  if (ei->bad_sig) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo signature was bad, or signed with wrong key.";
    return 1;
  }

  digest_matches = tor_memeq(ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                           sd->extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  /* Set digest256_matches to 1 if the digest is correct, or if no
   * digest256 was in the ri. */
  digest256_matches = tor_memeq(ei->digest256,
                                sd->extra_info_digest256, DIGEST256_LEN);
  digest256_matches |=
    fast_mem_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest256, DIGEST256_LEN);

  /* The identity must match exactly to have been generated at the same time
   * by the same router. */
  if (tor_memneq(sd->identity_digest,
                 ei->cache_info.identity_digest,
                 DIGEST_LEN)) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo nickname or identity did not match routerinfo";
    goto err; /* different servers */
  }

  if (! tor_cert_opt_eq(sd->signing_key_cert,
                        ei->cache_info.signing_key_cert)) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo signing key cert didn't match routerinfo";
    goto err; /* different servers */
  }

  if (ei->pending_sig) {
    char signed_digest[128];
    if (crypto_pk_public_checksig(identity_pkey,
                       signed_digest, sizeof(signed_digest),
                       ei->pending_sig, ei->pending_sig_len) != DIGEST_LEN ||
        tor_memneq(signed_digest, ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
               DIGEST_LEN)) {
      ei->bad_sig = 1;
      tor_free(ei->pending_sig);
      if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo signature bad, or signed with wrong key";
      goto err; /* Bad signature, or no match. */
    }

    ei->cache_info.send_unencrypted = sd->send_unencrypted;
    tor_free(ei->pending_sig);
  }

  if (ei->cache_info.published_on < sd->published_on) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo published time did not match routerdesc";
    goto err;
  } else if (ei->cache_info.published_on > sd->published_on) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo published time did not match routerdesc";
    r = -1;
    goto err;
  }

  if (!digest256_matches && !digest_matches) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Neither digest256 or digest matched "
               "digest from routerdesc";
    goto err;
  }

  if (!digest256_matches) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo digest did not match digest256 from routerdesc";
    goto err; /* Digest doesn't match declared value. */
  }

  if (!digest_matches) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo digest did not match value from routerdesc";
    goto err; /* Digest doesn't match declared value. */
  }

  return 0;
 err:
  if (digest_matches) {
    /* This signature was okay, and the digest was right: This is indeed the
     * corresponding extrainfo.  But insanely, it doesn't match the routerinfo
     * that lists it.  Don't try to fetch this one again. */
    sd->extrainfo_is_bogus = 1;
  }

  return r;
}

/* Does ri have a valid ntor onion key?
 * Valid ntor onion keys exist and have at least one non-zero byte. */
int
routerinfo_has_curve25519_onion_key(const routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  if (!ri) {
    return 0;
  }

  if (!ri->onion_curve25519_pkey) {
    return 0;
  }

  if (fast_mem_is_zero((const char*)ri->onion_curve25519_pkey->public_key,
                      CURVE25519_PUBKEY_LEN)) {
    return 0;
  }

  return 1;
}

/* Is rs running a tor version known to support EXTEND2 cells?
 * If allow_unknown_versions is true, return true if we can't tell
 * (from a versions line or a protocols line) whether it supports extend2
 * cells.
 * Otherwise, return false if the version is unknown. */
int
routerstatus_version_supports_extend2_cells(const routerstatus_t *rs,
                                            int allow_unknown_versions)
{
  if (!rs) {
    return allow_unknown_versions;
  }

  if (!rs->pv.protocols_known) {
    return allow_unknown_versions;
  }

  return rs->pv.supports_extend2_cells;
}

/** Assert that the internal representation of <b>rl</b> is
 * self-consistent. */
void
routerlist_assert_ok(const routerlist_t *rl)
{
  routerinfo_t *r2;
  signed_descriptor_t *sd2;
  if (!rl)
    return;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, r) {
    r2 = rimap_get(rl->identity_map, r->cache_info.identity_digest);
    tor_assert(r == r2);
    sd2 = sdmap_get(rl->desc_digest_map,
                    r->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
    tor_assert(&(r->cache_info) == sd2);
    tor_assert(r->cache_info.routerlist_index == r_sl_idx);
    /* XXXX
     *
     *   Hoo boy.  We need to fix this one, and the fix is a bit tricky, so
     * commenting this out is just a band-aid.
     *
     *   The problem is that, although well-behaved router descriptors
     * should never have the same value for their extra_info_digest, it's
     * possible for ill-behaved routers to claim whatever they like there.
     *
     *   The real answer is to trash desc_by_eid_map and instead have
     * something that indicates for a given extra-info digest we want,
     * what its download status is.  We'll do that as a part of routerlist
     * refactoring once consensus directories are in.  For now,
     * this rep violation is probably harmless: an adversary can make us
     * reset our retry count for an extrainfo, but that's not the end
     * of the world.  Changing the representation in 0.2.0.x would just
     * destabilize the codebase.
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(r->cache_info.extra_info_digest)) {
      signed_descriptor_t *sd3 =
        sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map, r->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
      tor_assert(sd3 == &(r->cache_info));
    }
    */
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(r);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(rl->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
    r2 = rimap_get(rl->identity_map, sd->identity_digest);
    tor_assert(!r2 || sd != &(r2->cache_info));
    sd2 = sdmap_get(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest);
    tor_assert(sd == sd2);
    tor_assert(sd->routerlist_index == sd_sl_idx);
    /* XXXX see above.
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest)) {
      signed_descriptor_t *sd3 =
        sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest);
      tor_assert(sd3 == sd);
    }
    */
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);

  RIMAP_FOREACH(rl->identity_map, d, r) {
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(r->cache_info.identity_digest, d, DIGEST_LEN));
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
  SDMAP_FOREACH(rl->desc_digest_map, d, sd) {
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(sd->signed_descriptor_digest, d, DIGEST_LEN));
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
  SDMAP_FOREACH(rl->desc_by_eid_map, d, sd) {
    tor_assert(!tor_digest_is_zero(d));
    tor_assert(sd);
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(sd->extra_info_digest, d, DIGEST_LEN));
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
  EIMAP_FOREACH(rl->extra_info_map, d, ei) {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd;
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                       d, DIGEST_LEN));
    sd = sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map,
                   ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
    // tor_assert(sd); // XXXX see above
    if (sd) {
      tor_assert(tor_memeq(ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                         sd->extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
    }
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
}

/** Allocate and return a new string representing the contact info
 * and platform string for <b>router</b>,
 * surrounded by quotes and using standard C escapes.
 *
 * THIS FUNCTION IS NOT REENTRANT.  Don't call it from outside the main
 * thread.  Also, each call invalidates the last-returned value, so don't
 * try log_warn(LD_GENERAL, "%s %s", esc_router_info(a), esc_router_info(b));
 *
 * If <b>router</b> is NULL, it just frees its internal memory and returns.
 */
const char *
esc_router_info(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  static char *info=NULL;
  char *esc_contact, *esc_platform;
  tor_free(info);

  if (!router)
    return NULL; /* we're exiting; just free the memory we use */

  esc_contact = esc_for_log(router->contact_info);
  esc_platform = esc_for_log(router->platform);

  tor_asprintf(&info, "Contact %s, Platform %s", esc_contact, esc_platform);
  tor_free(esc_contact);
  tor_free(esc_platform);

  return info;
}

/** Helper for sorting: compare two routerinfos by their identity
 * digest. */
static int
compare_routerinfo_by_id_digest_(const void **a, const void **b)
{
  routerinfo_t *first = *(routerinfo_t **)a, *second = *(routerinfo_t **)b;
  return fast_memcmp(first->cache_info.identity_digest,
                second->cache_info.identity_digest,
                DIGEST_LEN);
}

/** Sort a list of routerinfo_t in ascending order of identity digest. */
void
routers_sort_by_identity(smartlist_t *routers)
{
  smartlist_sort(routers, compare_routerinfo_by_id_digest_);
}

/** Called when we change a node set, or when we reload the geoip IPv4 list:
 * recompute all country info in all configuration node sets and in the
 * routerlist. */
void
refresh_all_country_info(void)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();

  if (options->EntryNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->EntryNodes);
  if (options->ExitNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExitNodes);
  if (options->MiddleNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->MiddleNodes);
  if (options->ExcludeNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExcludeNodes);
  if (options->ExcludeExitNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExcludeExitNodes);
  if (options->ExcludeExitNodesUnion_)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExcludeExitNodesUnion_);

  nodelist_refresh_countries();
}