mirror of
https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/core/tor.git
synced 2024-09-21 05:26:20 +02:00
370 lines
16 KiB
HTML
370 lines
16 KiB
HTML
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>Tor: an anonymizing overlay network for TCP</title>
|
|
<meta name="Author" content="Roger Dingledine">
|
|
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
|
|
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="tor-doc.css">
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
<h1><a href="http://tor.freehaven.net/">Tor</a> documentation</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p>The simple version: Tor provides a distributed network of servers
|
|
("onion routers"). Users bounce their TCP streams (web traffic, FTP, SSH,
|
|
etc.) around the routers. This makes it hard for recipients, observers, and
|
|
even the onion routers themselves to track the source of the stream.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The complex version: Onion Routing is a connection-oriented anonymizing
|
|
communication service. Users choose a source-routed path through a set of
|
|
nodes, and negotiate a "virtual circuit" through the network, in which
|
|
each node knows its predecessor and successor, but no others. Traffic
|
|
flowing down the circuit is unwrapped by a symmetric key at each node,
|
|
which reveals the downstream node.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="why"></a>
|
|
<h2>Why should I use Tor?</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Individuals need Tor for privacy:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Privacy in web browsing -- both from the remote website (so it can't
|
|
track and sell your behavior), and similarly from your local ISP.
|
|
<li>Safety in web browsing: if your local government doesn't approve
|
|
of its citizens visiting certain websites, they may monitor the sites
|
|
and put readers on a list of suspicious persons.
|
|
<li>Circumvention of local censorship: connect to resources (news
|
|
sites, instant messaging, etc) that are restricted from your
|
|
ISP/school/company/government.
|
|
<li>Socially sensitive communication: chat rooms and web forums for
|
|
rape and abuse survivors, or people with illnesses.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Journalists and NGOs need Tor for safety:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Allowing dissidents and whistleblowers to communicate more safely.
|
|
<li>Censorship-resistant publication, such as making available your
|
|
home-made movie anonymously via a Tor <a href="#hidden-service">hidden
|
|
service</a>; and reading, e.g. of news sites not permitted in some
|
|
countries.
|
|
<li>Allowing your workers to check back with your home website while
|
|
they're in a foreign country, without notifying everybody nearby that
|
|
they're working with your organization.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Companies need Tor for business security:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Competitive analysis: browse the competition's website safely.
|
|
<li>Protecting collaborations of sensitive business units or partners.
|
|
<li>Protecting procurement suppliers or patterns.
|
|
<li>Putting the "P" back in "VPN": traditional VPNs reveal the exact
|
|
amount and frequency of communication. Which locations have employees
|
|
working late? Which locations have employees consulting job-hunting
|
|
websites? Which research groups are communicating with your company's
|
|
patent lawyers?
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Governments need Tor for traffic-analysis-resistant communication:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Open source intelligence gathering (hiding individual analysts is
|
|
not enough -- the organization itself may be sensitive).
|
|
<li>Defense in depth on open <em>and classified</em> networks -- networks
|
|
with a million users (even if they're all cleared) can't be made safe just
|
|
by hardening them to external threat.
|
|
<li>Dynamic and semi-trusted international coalitions: the network can
|
|
be shared without revealing the existence or amount of communication
|
|
between all parties.
|
|
<li>Networks partially under known hostile control: to block
|
|
communications, the enemy must take down the whole network.
|
|
<li>Politically sensitive negotiations.
|
|
<li>Road warriors.
|
|
<li>Protecting procurement patterns.
|
|
<li>Anonymous tips.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Law enforcement needs Tor for safety:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Allowing anonymous tips or crime reporting
|
|
<li>Allowing agents to observe websites without notifying them that
|
|
they're being observed (or, more broadly, without having it be an
|
|
official visit from law enforcement).
|
|
<li>Surveillance and honeypots (sting operations)
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Does the idea of sharing the Tor network with
|
|
all of these groups bother you? It shouldn't -- <a
|
|
href="http://freehaven.net/doc/fc03/econymics.pdf">you need them for
|
|
your security</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="client-or-server"></a>
|
|
<h2>Should I run a client or a server?</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>You can run Tor in either client mode or server mode. By default,
|
|
everybody is a <i>client</i>. This means you don't relay traffic for
|
|
anybody but yourself.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If your computer doesn't have a routable IP address or you're using
|
|
a modem, you should stay a client. Otherwise, please consider being
|
|
a server, to help out the network. (Currently each server uses 20-150
|
|
gigabytes of traffic per month, depending on its capacity and its rate
|
|
limiting configuration.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Note that you can be a server without allowing users to make
|
|
connections from your computer to the outside world. This is called being
|
|
a middleman server.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Benefits of running a server include:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Clients are generally limited to 100KB/s (and in practice, sometimes
|
|
much less), whereas servers can inject or receive as much traffic as
|
|
they want.
|
|
<li>You may get stronger anonymity, since your destination can't know
|
|
whether connections relayed through your computer originated at your
|
|
computer or not.
|
|
<li>You can also get stronger anonymity by configuring your Tor clients
|
|
to use your Tor server for entry or for exit.
|
|
<li>You're helping me with development and scalability testing.
|
|
<li>You're helping your fellow Internet users by providing a larger
|
|
network. Also, having servers in many different pieces of the Internet
|
|
gives users more robustness against curious telcos and brute force
|
|
attacks.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>You can read more about setting up Tor as a
|
|
server <a href="#server">below</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="installing"></a>
|
|
<h2>Installing Tor</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>You can get the latest releases <a
|
|
href="http://tor.freehaven.net/dist/">here</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you got Tor from a tarball, unpack it: <tt>tar xzf
|
|
tor-0.0.9.tar.gz; cd tor-0.0.9</tt>. Run <tt>./configure</tt>, then
|
|
<tt>make</tt>, and then <tt>make install</tt> (as root if necessary). Then
|
|
you can launch tor from the command-line by running <tt>tor</tt>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you got Tor from the Win32 .exe file, you
|
|
can just click-click it (you may need to install <a
|
|
href="http://www.slproweb.com/products/Win32OpenSSL.html">OpenSSL
|
|
0.9.7</a> first, if you get an error about missing
|
|
libeay32.dll.) You might also want to run Tor in a dos window,
|
|
so you can see its logs, and see its error messages if it
|
|
crashes. If you don't want the default configuration, fetch the <a
|
|
href="http://tor.freehaven.net/cvs/tor/src/config/torrc.sample.in">torrc</a>, edit it,
|
|
and use <tt>tor.exe -f torrc</tt>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Otherwise, if you got it prepackaged (e.g. in the <a
|
|
href="http://packages.debian.org/tor">Debian package</a> or <a
|
|
href="http://packages.gentoo.org/packages/?category=net-misc;name=tor">Gentoo
|
|
package</a>), these steps are already done for you, and you may
|
|
even already have Tor started in the background (logging to
|
|
/var/log/something).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In any case, see the next section for what to <i>do</i> with it now that
|
|
you've got it running.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="client"></a>
|
|
<h2>Configuring a client</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Tor comes configured as a client by default. It uses a built-in
|
|
default configuration file, and most people won't need to change any of
|
|
the settings.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The only setting you might need to change is "SocksBindAddress".
|
|
By default, your Tor client only listens for applications that connect
|
|
from localhost. Connections from other computers are refused. If you
|
|
want to torify applications on different computers than the Tor client,
|
|
you should copy torrc.sample to torrc (it's installed by default
|
|
to /usr/local/etc/tor/), change the SocksBindAddress line to
|
|
0.0.0.0, and then hup or restart Tor.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>To test if it's working, point your browser
|
|
to socks4 or socks5 proxy at localhost port 9050. In
|
|
Mozilla, this is in edit|preferences|advanced|proxies. Go to <a
|
|
href="http://www.junkbusters.com/cgi-bin/privacy">http://www.junkbusters.com/cgi-bin/privacy</a>
|
|
and see what IP it says you're coming from. (If you have a personal
|
|
firewall, be sure to allow local connections to port 9050. If your
|
|
firewall blocks outgoing connections, punch a hole so it can connect to
|
|
TCP *:9001-9004 and *:9030-9033. If you're using Safari as your browser,
|
|
keep in mind that OS X before 10.3 claims to support socks but does
|
|
not.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Once you've tested that it works, you should install <a
|
|
href="http://www.privoxy.org/">privoxy</a>, which is a filtering web
|
|
proxy that integrates well with Tor. Add the line <br>
|
|
<tt>forward-socks4a / localhost:9050 .</tt><br>
|
|
(don't forget the dot) to its config file (you can just add it to the
|
|
top). Then change your mozilla to http proxy at localhost port 8118
|
|
(and no socks proxy). You should also set your SSL proxy to the same
|
|
thing, to hide your https traffic. Using privoxy is necessary because
|
|
<a href="http://tor.freehaven.net/cvs/tor/doc/CLIENTS">Mozilla leaks your
|
|
DNS requests when it uses a socks proxy directly</a>. Privoxy also gives
|
|
you good html scrubbing.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>You might want to use Tor with an application that doesn't
|
|
support socks directly. In this case, you should look at
|
|
using <a href="http://tsocks.sourceforge.net/">tsocks</a>
|
|
to dynamically replace the system calls in your program to
|
|
route through Tor. If you want to use socks4a, consider using <a
|
|
href="http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/">socat</a> (specific instructions
|
|
are on <a href="http://6sxoyfb3h2nvok2d.onion/tor/SocatHelp">this hidden
|
|
service url</a>).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>(Windows doesn't have tsocks; instead, you can try
|
|
<a
|
|
href="http://www.socks.permeo.com/Download/SocksCapDownload/index.asp">SocksCap</a>
|
|
or the <a href="http://www.hummingbird.com/products/nc/socks/index.html?cks=y">Hummingbird</a>
|
|
SOCKS client.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="server"></a>
|
|
<h2>Configuring a server</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>We're looking for people with reasonably reliable Internet connections,
|
|
that have at least 20 kilobytes/s each way. If you have more bandwidth
|
|
to offer, that's even better.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If your server is behind a NAT and it doesn't know its own IP (e.g.
|
|
it has an IP of 192.168.x.y), then we can't use it as a server yet.
|
|
(If you want to do dyndns DNS voodoo to get around this, feel free.) And
|
|
if it frequently has a lot of packet loss or really high latency, we
|
|
also can't handle it as a server yet. Otherwise, please help out!
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>To set up a Tor server, do the following steps after installing Tor.
|
|
(These instructions are Unix-centric; if you're excited about working
|
|
with us to get a Tor server working on Windows, let us know and we'll
|
|
work with you to fix whatever bugs come up.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>1. Copy torrc.sample to torrc (in the default configuration this
|
|
means copy /usr/local/etc/tor/torrc.sample to /usr/local/etc/tor/torrc),
|
|
and edit the bottom part. Create the DataDirectory, and make sure it's
|
|
owned by the uid/gid that will be running tor. Fix your system clock so
|
|
it's not too far off. Make sure name resolution works.
|
|
<!--Make sure each
|
|
process can get to 1024 file descriptors (this should be already done
|
|
for everybody but some BSD folks). -->
|
|
<li>2. Run tor to generate keys and then exit: <tt>tor
|
|
--list-fingerprint</tt>. Send mail to tor-ops@freehaven.net including
|
|
a) this key fingerprint, b) who you are, so we know whom to contact if
|
|
there's any problem, and c) what kind of connectivity the new server
|
|
will have. If possible, PGP sign your mail.
|
|
<li>3. If you are using a firewall, open a hole in your firewall so
|
|
incoming connections can reach the ports you configured (i.e. ORPort,
|
|
plus DirPort if you enabled it). Make sure outgoing connections can reach
|
|
at least ports 80, 443, and 9001-9033 (to get to other onion routers),
|
|
plus any other addresses or ports your exit policy allows.
|
|
<li>4. Start your server: <tt>tor</tt>. If it logs any warnings,
|
|
address them.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
Optionally, we recommend the following steps as well:
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>1. Make a separate user to run the server. If you
|
|
installed the deb or the rpm, this is already done. Otherwise,
|
|
you can do it by hand. (The Tor server doesn't need to be run as
|
|
root, so it's good practice to not run it as root. Running as a
|
|
'tor' user avoids issues with identd and other services that
|
|
detect user name. If you're the paranoid sort, feel free to <a
|
|
href="http://wiki.noreply.org/wiki/TheOnionRouter/TorInChroot">put Tor
|
|
into a chroot jail</a>.)
|
|
<li>2. Decide what exit policy you want. By default your server allows
|
|
access to many popular services, but we restrict some (such as port 25)
|
|
due to abuse potential. You might want an exit policy that is either
|
|
less restrictive or more restrictive; edit your torrc appropriately.
|
|
If you choose a particularly open exit policy, you might want to make
|
|
sure your upstream or ISP is ok with that choice.
|
|
<li>3. You may find the initscripts in contrib/tor.sh or
|
|
contrib/torctl useful if you want to set up Tor to start at boot. Let
|
|
us know which script you find more useful.
|
|
<li>4. Consider setting your hostname to 'anonymous' or
|
|
'proxy' or 'tor-proxy' if you can, so when other people see the address
|
|
in their web logs or whatever, they will more quickly understand what's
|
|
going on.
|
|
<li>5. If you're not running anything else on port 80 or port
|
|
443, please consider setting up port-forwarding and advertising these
|
|
low-numbered ports as your Tor server. This will help allow users behind
|
|
particularly restrictive firewalls to access the Tor network. See section
|
|
4 of <a href="http://wiki.noreply.org/wiki/TheOnionRouter_2fTorFAQ">the
|
|
FAQ</a> for details of how to set this up.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>You can click <a href="http://moria.seul.org:9031/">here</a> or <a
|
|
href="http://62.116.124.106:9030/">here</a> and look at the router-status
|
|
line to see if your server is part of the network. It will be listed by
|
|
nickname once we have added your server to the list of known servers;
|
|
otherwise it is listed only by its fingerprint.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="hidden-service"></a>
|
|
<h2>Configuring a hidden service</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Tor allows clients and servers to offer <em>hidden services</em>. That
|
|
is, you can offer an apache, sshd, etc, without revealing your IP to its
|
|
users. This works via Tor's rendezvous point design: both sides build
|
|
a Tor circuit out, and they meet in the middle.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you're using Tor and <a href="http://www.privoxy.org/">Privoxy</a>,
|
|
you can <a href="http://6sxoyfb3h2nvok2d.onion/">go to the hidden wiki</a>
|
|
to see hidden services in action.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>To set up a hidden service, copy torrc.sample to torrc (by default it's
|
|
in /usr/local/etc/tor/), and edit the middle part. Then run Tor. It will
|
|
create each HiddenServiceDir you have configured, and it will create a
|
|
'hostname' file which specifies the url (xyz.onion) for that service. You
|
|
can tell people the url, and they can connect to it via their Tor client,
|
|
assuming they're using a proxy (such as Privoxy) that speaks socks4a.</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="own-network"></a>
|
|
<h2>Setting up your own network</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you want to experiment locally with your own network, or you're cut
|
|
off from the Internet and want to be able to mess with Tor still, then
|
|
you may want to set up your own separate Tor network.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
To set up your own Tor network, you need to run your own directory
|
|
servers, and you need to configure each client and server so it knows
|
|
about your directory servers rather than the default ones.
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>1: Grab the latest release. Use at least 0.0.9.
|
|
<li>2: For each directory server you want,
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>2a: Set it up as a server (see <a href="#server">"setting up a
|
|
server"</a> above), with a least ORPort, DirPort, DataDirectory, and Nickname
|
|
defined. Set "AuthoritativeDirectory 1".
|
|
<li>2b: Set "RecommendedVersions" to a comma-separated list of acceptable
|
|
versions of the code for clients and servers to be running.
|
|
<li>2c: Run it: <tt>tor --list-fingerprint</tt> if your torrc is in
|
|
the default place, or <tt>tor -f torrc --list-fingerprint</tt> to
|
|
specify one. This will generate your keys and output a fingerprint
|
|
line.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<li>3: Now you need to teach clients and servers to use the new
|
|
dirservers. For each fingerprint, add a line like<br>
|
|
<tt>DirServer 18.244.0.114:80 719B E45D E224 B607 C537 07D0 E214 3E2D 423E 74CF</tt><br>
|
|
to the torrc of each client and server who will be using your network.
|
|
<li>4: Create a file called approved-routers in the DataDirectory
|
|
of each directory server. Collect the 'fingerprint' lines from
|
|
each server (including directory servers), and include them (one per
|
|
line) in each approved-routers file. You can hup the tor process for
|
|
each directory server to reload the approved-routers file (so you don't
|
|
have to restart the process).
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<!--<h2>Other doc resources</h2>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Design paper
|
|
<li>Spec and rend-spec
|
|
<li>others
|
|
</ul> -->
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|