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<title>Tor Hidden Service Configuration Instructions</title>
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<meta name="Author" content="Roger Dingledine" />
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<a href="/index.html">Home</a>
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| <a href="/howitworks.html">How It Works</a>
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<div class="center">
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<div class="main-column">
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<h1>Configuring Hidden Services for <a href="http://tor.eff.org/">Tor</a></h1>
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<hr />
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<p>Tor allows clients and servers to offer hidden services. That is,
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you can offer a web server, SSH server, etc., without revealing your
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IP to its users. In fact, because you don't use any public address,
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you can run a hidden service from behind your firewall.
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</p>
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<p>This howto describes the steps for setting up your own hidden service
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website.
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</p>
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<hr />
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<a id="zero"></a>
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<h2><a class="anchor" href="#zero">Step Zero: Get Tor and Privoxy working</a></h2>
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<br />
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<p>Before you start, you need to make sure 1) Tor is up and running,
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2) Privoxy is up and running, 3) Privoxy is configured to point
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to Tor, and 4) You actually set it up correctly.</p>
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<p>Windows users should follow the <a
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href="http://tor.eff.org/doc/tor-doc-win32.html">Windows
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howto</a>, OS X users should follow the <a
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href="http://tor.eff.org/doc/tor-doc-osx.html">OS
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X howto</a>, and Linux/BSD/Unix users should follow the <a
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href="http://tor.eff.org/doc/tor-doc-unix.html">Unix howto</a>.
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</p>
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<p>Once you've got Tor and Privoxy installed and configured,
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you can see hidden services in action by following this link to <a
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href="http://6sxoyfb3h2nvok2d.onion/">the hidden wiki</a>.
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It will typically take 10-60 seconds to load
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(or to decide that it is currently unreachable). If it fails
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immediately and your browser pops up an alert saying that
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"www.6sxoyfb3h2nvok2d.onion could not be found, please check the name and
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try again" then you haven't configured Tor and Privoxy correctly; see <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#ItDoesntWork">this
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FAQ entry</a> for some help.
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</p>
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<hr />
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<a id="one"></a>
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<h2><a class="anchor" href="#one">Step One: Configure an example hidden service</a></h2>
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<br />
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<p>In this step, you're going to configure a hidden service that points
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to www.google.com. This way we can make sure you have this step
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working before we start thinking about setting up a web server locally.
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</p>
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<p>First, open your torrc file in your favorite text editor. (See <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#torrc">this
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FAQ entry</a> to learn what this means.) Go to the middle section and
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look for the line</p>
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<pre>
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############### This section is just for location-hidden services ###
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</pre>
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<p>
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This section of the file consists of groups of lines, each representing
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one hidden service. Right now they are all commented out (the lines
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start with #), so hidden services are disabled. Each group of lines
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consists of one HiddenServiceDir line, and one or more HiddenServicePort
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lines:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><b>HiddenServiceDir</b> is a directory where Tor will store information
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about that hidden service. In particular, Tor will create a file here named
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<i>hostname</i> which will tell you the onion URL. You don't need to add any
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files to this directory.</li>
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<li><b>HiddenServicePort</b> lets you specify a virtual port (that is, what
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port people accessing the hidden service will think they're using) and an
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IP address and port for redirecting connections to this virtual port.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>In this example, we're going to set up a hidden service that points to
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Google. So add the following lines to your torrc:
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</p>
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<pre>
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HiddenServiceDir /Library/Tor/var/lib/tor/hidden_service/
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HiddenServicePort 80 www.google.com:80
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</pre>
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<p>You're going to want to change the HiddenServiceDir line, so it points
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to an actual directory that is readable/writeable by the user that will
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be running Tor. The above line should work if you're using the OS X Tor
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package. On Unix, try "/home/username/hidserv/" and fill in your own
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username in place of "username". On Windows you might pick:</p>
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<pre>
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HiddenServiceDir C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data\hidden_service\
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HiddenServicePort 80 www.google.com:80
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</pre>
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<p>Now save the torrc, shut down
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your Tor, and then start it again. (See <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#Restarting">this
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FAQ entry</a> for tips on restarting Tor.)
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</p>
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<p>If Tor starts up again, great. Otherwise, something is wrong. Look
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at your torrc for obvious mistakes like typos. Then double-check
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that the directory you picked is writeable by you. If it's still
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not working, you should look at the Tor logs for hints. (See <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#Logs">this
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FAQ entry</a> if you don't know how to enable or find your log file.)
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</p>
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<p>When Tor starts, it will automatically create the HiddenServiceDir
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that you specified (if necessary), and it will create two files there.
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First, it will generate a new
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public/private keypair for your hidden service, and write it into a
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file called "private_key". Don't share this key with others -- if you
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do they will be able to impersonate your hidden service.
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</p>
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<p>The other file it will create is called "hostname". This contains
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a short summary of your public key -- it will look something like
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<tt>6sxoyfb3h2nvok2d.onion</tt>. This is the public name for your service,
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and you can tell it to people, publish it on websites, put it on business
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cards, etc. (If Tor runs as a different user than you, for example on
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OS X, Debian, or Red Hat, then you may need to become root to be able
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to view these files.)
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</p>
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<p>Now that you've restarted Tor, it is busy picking introduction points
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in the Tor network, and generating what's called a "hidden service
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descriptor", which is a signed list of introduction points along with
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the service's full public key. It anonymously publishes this descriptor
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to the directory servers, and other people anonymously fetch it from the
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directory servers when they're trying to access your service.
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</p>
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<p>Try it now: paste the contents of the hostname file into your web
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browser. If it works, you'll get the google frontpage, but the URL in your
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browser's window will be your hidden service hostname. If it doesn't work,
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look in your logs for some hints, and keep playing with it until it works.
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</p>
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<hr />
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<a id="two"></a>
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<h2><a class="anchor" href="#two">Step Two: Now install a web server locally</a></h2>
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<br />
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<p>Now that you have hidden services working on Tor, you need to
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set up your web server locally. Setting up a web server is tricky,
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so we're just going to go over a few basics here. If you get stuck
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or want to do more, find a friend who can help you. We recommend you
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install a new separate web server for your hidden service, since even
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if you already have one installed, you may be using it (or want to use
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it later) for an actual website.
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</p>
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<p>If you're on Unix or OS X and you're comfortable with
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the command-line, by far the best way to go is to install <a
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href="http://www.acme.com/software/thttpd/">thttpd</a>. Just grab the
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latest tarball, untar it (it will create its own directory), and run
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./configure && make. Then mkdir hidserv, cd hidserv, and run
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"../thttpd -p 5222 -h localhost". It will give you back your prompt,
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and now you're running a webserver on port 5222. You can put files to
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serve in the hidserv directory.
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</p>
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<p>If you're on Windows, ...what should we suggest here? Is there
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a good simple free software web server for Windows? Please
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let me know what we should say here. In the meantime,
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check out <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">apache</a>,
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and be sure to
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configure it to bind only to localhost. You should also figure out
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what port you're listening on, because you'll use it below.
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</p>
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<p>(The reason we bind the web server only to localhost is to make
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sure it isn't publically accessible. If people could get to it directly,
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they could confirm that your computer is the one offering the hidden
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service.)
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</p>
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<p>Once you've got your web server set up, make sure it works: open your
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browser and go to <a
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href="http://localhost:5222/">http://localhost:5222/</a>. Then
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try putting a file
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in the main html directory, and make sure it shows up when you access
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the site.
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</p>
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<hr />
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<a id="three"></a>
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<h2><a class="anchor" href="#three">Step Three: Connect your web server to your hidden service</a></h2>
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<br />
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<p>This part is very simple. Open up your torrc again, and change the
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HiddenServicePort line from "www.google.com:80" to "localhost:5222".
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Then <a
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href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#Restarting">restart
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Tor</a>. Make sure that it's working by reloading your hidden
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service hostname in your browser.
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</p>
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<hr />
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<a id="four"></a>
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<h2><a class="anchor" href="#four">Step Four: More advanced tips</a></h2>
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<br />
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<p>If you plan to keep your service available for a long time, you might
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want to make a backup copy of the private_key file somewhere.
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</p>
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<p>We avoided recommending Apache above, a) because many people might
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already be running it for a public web server on their computer, and b)
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because it's big
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and has lots of places where it might reveal your IP address or other
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identifying information, for example in 404 pages. For people who need
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more functionality, though, Apache may be the right answer. Can
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somebody make us a checklist of ways to lock down your Apache when you're
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using it as a hidden service?
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</p>
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<p>If you want to forward multiple virtual ports for a single hidden
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service, just add more HiddenServicePort lines.
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If you want to run multiple hidden services from the same Tor
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client, just add another HiddenServiceDir line. All the following
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HiddenServicePort lines refer to this HiddenServiceDir line, until
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you add another HiddenServiceDir line:
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</p>
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<pre>
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HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_service/
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HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:8080
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HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/other_hidden_service/
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HiddenServicePort 6667 127.0.0.1:6667
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HiddenServicePort 22 127.0.0.1:22
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</pre>
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<p>There are some anonymity issues you should keep in mind too:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>As mentioned above, be careful of letting your web server reveal
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identifying information about you, your computer, or your location.
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For example, readers can probably determine whether it's thttpd or
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Apache, and learn something about your operating system.</li>
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<li>If your computer isn't online all the time, your hidden service
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won't be either. This leaks information to an observant adversary.</li>
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<!-- increased risks over time -->
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</ul>
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<hr />
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<p>If you have suggestions for improving this document, please <a
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href="mailto:tor-bugs@freehaven.net">send them to us</a>. Thanks!</p>
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</div><!-- #main -->
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<div class="bottom" id="bottom">
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<i><a href="mailto:tor-webmaster@freehaven.net"
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class="smalllink">Webmaster</a></i> - $Id$
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