Fix and expand upon our Travis CI configuration.

* CHANGE .travis.yml so that commands for different purposes (e.g. getting
   dependencies, building, testing) are in separate config lines and sections.
 * CHANGE .travis.yml to use their mechanism for installing dependencies via
   apt. [0]  This also allows us to not need sudo (the "sudo: false" line).
 * CHANGE Travis CI tests (the "script:" section) to build and run tests in the
   same manner as Jenkins (i.e. with --enable-fatal-warnings and
   --disable-silent-rules and run `make check`).
 * CHANGE Travis config to install nightly rustc and cargo.
 * CHANGE Travis config to split rust install into commands for getting
   dependencies ("before_install:") and commands for installing them
   ("install:").
 * REMOVE shell redirection when downloading the rustup.sh script.
 * CHANGE cargo to be in "online mode" so that we can get our Rust dependencies.
   There's not really a way to get the dependencies without using cargo
   right now.  See https://bugs.torproject.org/22830 for more info.
 * REMOVE cargo "offline mode" envvars from rustup.sh invocation.
 * ADD commands to get more info about rustc and cargo before building.
 * FIX sourcing the cargo/toolchain environment that rustup creates. (Without
   this, our build scripts don't know about anything called "rustc" or "cargo".)
 * ADD Travis configuration to do all the target builds with both GCC and clang.
 * ADD make flags to build with both of the cores available.
 * ADD notifications for IRC, and configure email notifications (to the author
   of the commit) only if the branch was previously building successfully and
   the latest commit broke it.
 * ADD the ability to run the Travis build matrix for OSX as well, but leave it
   commented out by default (because it takes roughly ten times longer, due to a
   shortage of OSX build machines).
 * ADD Travis config option to cancel/fail the build early if one target has
   already failed ("fast_finish: true").
 * ADD comments to describe what our Travis config is doing and why it is
   configured that way.

[0]: https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/installing-dependencies/#Installing-Packages-on-Container-Based-Infrastructure)

.travis.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,89 @@
 language: c
-sudo: enabled
+
+compiler:
+  - gcc
+  - clang
+
+notifications:
+  irc:
+    channels:
+      - "irc.oftc.net#tor-bots"
+    template:
+      - "%{repository} %{branch} %{commit} - %{author}: %{commit_subject}"
+      - "Build #%{build_number} %{result}. Details: %{build_url}"
+    on_success: change
+    on_failure: change
+  email:
+    on_success: never
+    on_failure: change
+
+os:
+  - linux
+  ## Uncomment the following line to also run the entire build matrix on OSX.
+  ## This will make your CI builds take roughly ten times longer to finish.
+  # - osx
+
+## Use the Ubuntu Trusty images.
 dist: trusty
 
-before_install:
-  - sudo apt-get -qq update
-  - sudo apt-get -y install libevent-dev libseccomp2 zlib1g-dev
-  - curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- -y --default-toolchain stable
+## We don't need sudo. (The "apt:" stanza after this allows us to not need sudo;
+## otherwise, we would need it for getting dependencies.)
+sudo: false
 
-script: ./autogen.sh && ./configure --disable-asciidoc && make test
+## (Linux only) Download our dependencies
+addons:
+  apt:
+    packages:
+      - libevent-dev
+      - libseccomp2
+      - zlib1g-dev
+
+## The build matrix in the following two stanzas expands into four builds (per OS):
+##
+##  * with GCC, with Rust
+##  * with GCC, without Rust
+##  * with Clang, with Rust
+##  * with Clang, without Rust
+env:
+  global:
+    ## The Travis CI environment allows us two cores, so let's use both.
+    - MAKEFLAGS="-j 2"
+  matrix:
+    - RUST_OPTIONS="--enable-rust --enable-cargo-online-mode"
+    - RUST_OPTIONS=""
+
+matrix:
+  ## If one build in the matrix fails (e.g. if building withour Rust and Clang
+  ## fails, but building with Rust and GCC is still going), then cancel the
+  ## entire job early and call the whole thing a failure.
+  fast_finish: true
+
+before_install:
+  ## If we're on OSX, homebrew usually needs to updated first
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then brew update ; fi
+  ## Download rustup
+  - curl -Ssf -o rustup.sh https://sh.rustup.rs
+
+install:
+  ## If we're on OSX use brew to install dependencies (for Linux, see the "apt:" section above)
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then { brew outdated openssl || brew upgrade openssl;    }; fi
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then { brew outdated openssl || brew upgrade libevent;   }; fi
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then { brew outdated openssl || brew upgrade pkg-config; }; fi
+  ## Install the nightly channels of rustc and cargo and setup our toolchain environment
+  - sh rustup.sh -y --default-toolchain nightly
+  - source $HOME/.cargo/env
+  ## Get some info about rustc and cargo
+  - which rustc
+  - which cargo
+  - rustc --version
+  - cargo --version
+
+script:
+  - ./autogen.sh
+  - ./configure $RUST_OPTIONS --disable-asciidoc --enable-fatal-warnings --disable-silent-rules
+  ## We run `make check` because that's what https://jenkins.torproject.org does.
+  - make check
+
+after_failure:
+  ## `make check` will leave a log file with more details of test failures.
+  - cat test-suite.log