tor/src/or/circuituse.c

/* Copyright 2001 Matej Pfajfar.
 * Copyright 2001-2004 Roger Dingledine.
 * Copyright 2004-2005 Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson. */
/* See LICENSE for licensing information */
/* $Id$ */
const char circuituse_c_id[] = "$Id$";

/**
 * \file circuituse.c
 * \brief Launch the right sort of circuits and attach streams to them.
 **/

#include "or.h"

/** Longest time to wait for a circuit before closing an AP connection */
#define CONN_AP_MAX_ATTACH_DELAY 59

/********* START VARIABLES **********/

extern circuit_t *global_circuitlist; /* from circuitlist.c */
extern int has_fetched_directory; /* from main.c */

/********* END VARIABLES ************/

static void circuit_expire_old_circuits(void);
static void circuit_increment_failure_count(void);

/* Return 1 if <b>circ</b> could be returned by circuit_get_best().
 * Else return 0.
 */
static int
circuit_is_acceptable(circuit_t *circ, connection_t *conn,
                      int must_be_open, uint8_t purpose,
                      int need_uptime, int need_internal,
                      time_t now)
{
  routerinfo_t *exitrouter;
  tor_assert(circ);
  tor_assert(conn);
  tor_assert(conn->socks_request);

  if (!CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ))
    return 0; /* this circ doesn't start at us */
  if (must_be_open && (circ->state != CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN || !circ->n_conn))
    return 0; /* ignore non-open circs */
  if (circ->marked_for_close)
    return 0;

  /* if this circ isn't our purpose, skip. */
  if (purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED && !must_be_open) {
    if (circ->purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND &&
        circ->purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY &&
        circ->purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED &&
        circ->purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED)
      return 0;
  } else if (purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT && !must_be_open) {
    if (circ->purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING &&
        circ->purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT)
      return 0;
  } else {
    if (purpose != circ->purpose)
      return 0;
  }

  if (purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL)
    if (circ->timestamp_dirty &&
       circ->timestamp_dirty+get_options()->MaxCircuitDirtiness <= now)
      return 0;

  /* decide if this circ is suitable for this conn */

  /* for rend circs, circ->cpath->prev is not the last router in the
   * circuit, it's the magical extra bob hop. so just check the nickname
   * of the one we meant to finish at.
   */
  exitrouter = build_state_get_exit_router(circ->build_state);

  if (need_uptime && !circ->build_state->need_uptime)
    return 0;
  if (need_internal != circ->build_state->is_internal)
    return 0;

  if (purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL) {
    if (!exitrouter) {
      debug(LD_CIRC,"Not considering circuit with unknown router.");
      return 0; /* this circuit is screwed and doesn't know it yet,
                 * or is a rendezvous circuit. */
    }
    if (!connection_ap_can_use_exit(conn, exitrouter)) {
      /* can't exit from this router */
      return 0;
    }
  } else { /* not general */
    if (rend_cmp_service_ids(conn->rend_query, circ->rend_query)) {
      /* this circ is not for this conn */
      return 0;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}

/* Return 1 if circuit <b>a</b> is better than circuit <b>b</b> for
 * <b>purpose</b>, and return 0 otherwise. Used by circuit_get_best.
 */
static int
circuit_is_better(circuit_t *a, circuit_t *b, uint8_t purpose)
{
  switch (purpose) {
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL:
      /* if it's used but less dirty it's best;
       * else if it's more recently created it's best
       */
      if (b->timestamp_dirty) {
        if (a->timestamp_dirty &&
            a->timestamp_dirty > b->timestamp_dirty)
          return 1;
      } else {
        if (a->timestamp_dirty ||
            b->build_state->is_internal ||
            a->timestamp_created > b->timestamp_created)
          return 1;
      }
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT:
      /* the closer it is to ack_wait the better it is */
      if (a->purpose > b->purpose)
        return 1;
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED:
      /* the closer it is to rend_joined the better it is */
      if (a->purpose > b->purpose)
        return 1;
      break;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Find the best circ that conn can use, preferably one which is
 * dirty. Circ must not be too old.
 *
 * Conn must be defined.
 *
 * If must_be_open, ignore circs not in CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN.
 *
 * circ_purpose specifies what sort of circuit we must have.
 * It can be C_GENERAL, C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT, or C_REND_JOINED.
 *
 * If it's REND_JOINED and must_be_open==0, then return the closest
 * rendezvous-purposed circuit that you can find.
 *
 * If it's INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT and must_be_open==0, then return the
 * closest introduce-purposed circuit that you can find.
 */
static circuit_t *
circuit_get_best(connection_t *conn, int must_be_open, uint8_t purpose,
                 int need_uptime, int need_internal)
{
  circuit_t *circ, *best=NULL;
  time_t now = time(NULL);

  tor_assert(conn);

  tor_assert(purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL ||
             purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT ||
             purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED);

  for (circ=global_circuitlist;circ;circ = circ->next) {
    if (!circuit_is_acceptable(circ,conn,must_be_open,purpose,
                               need_uptime,need_internal,now))
      continue;

    /* now this is an acceptable circ to hand back. but that doesn't
     * mean it's the *best* circ to hand back. try to decide.
     */
    if (!best || circuit_is_better(circ,best,purpose))
      best = circ;
  }

  return best;
}

/** If we find a circuit that isn't open yet and was born this many
 * seconds ago, then assume something went wrong, and cull it.
 */
#define MIN_SECONDS_BEFORE_EXPIRING_CIRC 30

/** Close all circuits that start at us, aren't open, and were born
 * at least MIN_SECONDS_BEFORE_EXPIRING_CIRC seconds ago.
 */
void
circuit_expire_building(time_t now)
{
  circuit_t *victim, *circ = global_circuitlist;
  time_t cutoff = now - MIN_SECONDS_BEFORE_EXPIRING_CIRC;

  while (circ) {
    victim = circ;
    circ = circ->next;
    if (!CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(victim) || /* didn't originate here */
        victim->timestamp_created > cutoff || /* Not old enough to expire */
        victim->marked_for_close) /* don't mess with marked circs */
      continue;

#if 0
    /* some debug logs, to help track bugs */
    if (victim->purpose >= CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING &&
        victim->purpose <= CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED) {
      if (!victim->timestamp_dirty)
        log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"Considering %sopen purp %d to %s (circid %d). (clean).",
               victim->state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN ? "" : "non",
               victim->purpose, victim->build_state->chosen_exit_name,
               victim->n_circ_id);
      else
        log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"Considering %sopen purp %d to %s (circid %d). %d secs since dirty.",
               victim->state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN ? "" : "non",
               victim->purpose, victim->build_state->chosen_exit_name,
               victim->n_circ_id,
               (int)(now - victim->timestamp_dirty));
    }
#endif


    /* if circ is !open, or if it's open but purpose is a non-finished
     * intro or rend, then mark it for close */
    if (victim->state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN) {
      switch (victim->purpose) {
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_OR:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_INTRO_POINT:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_REND_POINT_WAITING:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_REND_ESTABLISHED:
          /* OR-side. We can't actually reach this point because of the
           * IS_ORIGIN test above. */
          continue;
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_ESTABLISH_INTRO:
          break;
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY:
          /* it's a rend_ready circ -- has it already picked a query? */
          if (!victim->rend_query[0] && victim->timestamp_dirty > cutoff)
            continue;
          break;
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT:
          /* c_rend_ready circs measure age since timestamp_dirty,
           * because that's set when they switch purposes
           */
          /* rend and intro circs become dirty each time they
           * make an introduction attempt. so timestamp_dirty
           * will reflect the time since the last attempt.
           */
          if (victim->timestamp_dirty > cutoff)
            continue;
          break;
      }
    }

    if (victim->n_conn)
      info(LD_CIRC,"Abandoning circ %s:%d:%d (state %d:%s, purpose %d)",
           victim->n_conn->address, victim->n_port, victim->n_circ_id,
           victim->state, circuit_state_to_string(victim->state), victim->purpose);
    else
      info(LD_CIRC,"Abandoning circ %d (state %d:%s, purpose %d)",
           victim->n_circ_id, victim->state,
           circuit_state_to_string(victim->state), victim->purpose);

    circuit_log_path(LOG_INFO,LD_CIRC,victim);
    circuit_mark_for_close(victim);
  }
}

/** Remove any elements in <b>needed_ports</b> that are handled by an
 * open or in-progress circuit.
 */
void
circuit_remove_handled_ports(smartlist_t *needed_ports)
{
  int i;
  uint16_t *port;

  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(needed_ports); ++i) {
    port = smartlist_get(needed_ports, i);
    tor_assert(*port);
    if (circuit_stream_is_being_handled(NULL, *port, 2)) {
//      debug(LD_CIRC,"Port %d is already being handled; removing.", port);
      smartlist_del(needed_ports, i--);
      tor_free(port);
    } else {
      debug(LD_CIRC,"Port %d is not handled.", *port);
    }
  }
}

/** Return 1 if at least <b>min</b> general-purpose non-internal circuits
 * will have an acceptable exit node for exit stream <b>conn</b> if it
 * is defined, else for "*:port".
 * Else return 0.
 */
int
circuit_stream_is_being_handled(connection_t *conn, uint16_t port, int min)
{
  circuit_t *circ;
  routerinfo_t *exitrouter;
  int num=0;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  int need_uptime = smartlist_string_num_isin(get_options()->LongLivedPorts,
                                   conn ? conn->socks_request->port : port);

  for (circ=global_circuitlist;circ;circ = circ->next) {
    if (CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ) &&
        !circ->marked_for_close &&
        circ->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL &&
        !circ->build_state->is_internal &&
        (!circ->timestamp_dirty ||
         circ->timestamp_dirty + get_options()->MaxCircuitDirtiness < now)) {
      exitrouter = build_state_get_exit_router(circ->build_state);
      if (exitrouter &&
          (!need_uptime || circ->build_state->need_uptime)) {
        int ok;
        if (conn) {
          ok = connection_ap_can_use_exit(conn, exitrouter);
        } else {
          addr_policy_result_t r =
           router_compare_addr_to_addr_policy(0, port, exitrouter->exit_policy);
          ok = r != ADDR_POLICY_REJECTED && r != ADDR_POLICY_PROBABLY_REJECTED;
        }
        if (ok) {
          if (++num >= min)
            return 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Don't keep more than 10 unused open circuits around. */
#define MAX_UNUSED_OPEN_CIRCUITS 12

/** Figure out how many circuits we have open that are clean. Make
 * sure it's enough for all the upcoming behaviors we predict we'll have.
 * But if we have too many, close the not-so-useful ones.
 */
static void
circuit_predict_and_launch_new(void)
{
  circuit_t *circ;
  int num=0, num_internal=0, num_uptime_internal=0;
  int hidserv_needs_uptime=0, hidserv_needs_capacity=1;
  int port_needs_uptime=0, port_needs_capacity=1;
  time_t now = time(NULL);

  /* First, count how many of each type of circuit we have already. */
  for (circ=global_circuitlist;circ;circ = circ->next) {
    if (!CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ))
      continue;
    if (circ->marked_for_close)
      continue; /* don't mess with marked circs */
    if (circ->timestamp_dirty)
      continue; /* only count clean circs */
    if (circ->purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL)
      continue; /* only pay attention to general-purpose circs */
    num++;
    if (circ->build_state->is_internal)
      num_internal++;
    if (circ->build_state->need_uptime && circ->build_state->is_internal)
      num_uptime_internal++;
  }

  /* If that's enough, then stop now. */
  if (num >= MAX_UNUSED_OPEN_CIRCUITS)
    return; /* we already have many, making more probably will hurt */

  /* Second, see if we need any more exit circuits. */
  /* check if we know of a port that's been requested recently
   * and no circuit is currently available that can handle it. */
  if (!circuit_all_predicted_ports_handled(now, &port_needs_uptime,
                                           &port_needs_capacity)) {
    info(LD_CIRC,"Have %d clean circs (%d internal), need another exit circ.",
      num, num_internal);
    circuit_launch_by_router(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL, NULL,
                             port_needs_uptime, port_needs_capacity, 0);
    return;
  }

  /* Third, see if we need any more hidden service (server) circuits. */
  if (num_rend_services() && num_uptime_internal < 3) {
    info(LD_CIRC,"Have %d clean circs (%d internal), need another internal circ for my hidden service.",
           num, num_internal);
    circuit_launch_by_router(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL, NULL,
                             1, 1, 1);
    return;
  }

  /* Fourth, see if we need any more hidden service (client) circuits. */
  if (rep_hist_get_predicted_internal(now, &hidserv_needs_uptime,
                                      &hidserv_needs_capacity) &&
      ((num_uptime_internal<2 && hidserv_needs_uptime) ||
        num_internal<2)) {
    info(LD_CIRC,"Have %d clean circs (%d uptime-internal, %d internal),"
      " need another hidserv circ.", num, num_uptime_internal, num_internal);
    circuit_launch_by_router(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL, NULL,
                             hidserv_needs_uptime, hidserv_needs_capacity, 1);
    return;
  }
}

/** Build a new test circuit every 5 minutes */
#define TESTING_CIRCUIT_INTERVAL 300

/** This function is called once a second. Its job is to make sure
 * all services we offer have enough circuits available. Some
 * services just want enough circuits for current tasks, whereas
 * others want a minimum set of idle circuits hanging around.
 */
void
circuit_build_needed_circs(time_t now)
{
  static long time_to_new_circuit = 0;

  /* launch a new circ for any pending streams that need one */
  connection_ap_attach_pending();

  /* make sure any hidden services have enough intro points */
  if (has_fetched_directory)
    rend_services_introduce();

  if (time_to_new_circuit < now) {
    circuit_reset_failure_count(1);
    time_to_new_circuit = now + get_options()->NewCircuitPeriod;
    if (proxy_mode(get_options()))
      addressmap_clean(now);
    circuit_expire_old_circuits();

#if 0 /* disable for now, until predict-and-launch-new can cull leftovers */
    circ = circuit_get_youngest_clean_open(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL);
    if (get_options()->RunTesting &&
        circ &&
        circ->timestamp_created + TESTING_CIRCUIT_INTERVAL < now) {
      log_fn(LOG_INFO,"Creating a new testing circuit.");
      circuit_launch_by_router(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL, NULL, 0, 0, 0);
    }
#endif
  }
  circuit_predict_and_launch_new();
}

/** If the stream <b>conn</b> is a member of any of the linked
 * lists of <b>circ</b>, then remove it from the list.
 */
void
circuit_detach_stream(circuit_t *circ, connection_t *conn)
{
  connection_t *prevconn;

  tor_assert(circ);
  tor_assert(conn);

  conn->cpath_layer = NULL; /* make sure we don't keep a stale pointer */
  conn->on_circuit = NULL;

  if (conn == circ->p_streams) {
    circ->p_streams = conn->next_stream;
    return;
  }
  if (conn == circ->n_streams) {
    circ->n_streams = conn->next_stream;
    return;
  }
  if (conn == circ->resolving_streams) {
    circ->resolving_streams = conn->next_stream;
    return;
  }

  for (prevconn = circ->p_streams;
      prevconn && prevconn->next_stream && prevconn->next_stream != conn;
      prevconn = prevconn->next_stream)
    ;
  if (prevconn && prevconn->next_stream) {
    prevconn->next_stream = conn->next_stream;
    return;
  }

  for (prevconn = circ->n_streams;
      prevconn && prevconn->next_stream && prevconn->next_stream != conn;
      prevconn = prevconn->next_stream)
    ;
  if (prevconn && prevconn->next_stream) {
    prevconn->next_stream = conn->next_stream;
    return;
  }

  for (prevconn = circ->resolving_streams;
      prevconn && prevconn->next_stream && prevconn->next_stream != conn;
      prevconn = prevconn->next_stream)
    ;
  if (prevconn && prevconn->next_stream) {
    prevconn->next_stream = conn->next_stream;
    return;
  }

  err(LD_BUG,"edge conn not in circuit's list?");
  tor_assert(0); /* should never get here */
}

/** Notify the global circuit list that <b>conn</b> is about to be
 * removed and then freed.
 *
 * If it's an OR conn, then mark-for-close all the circuits that use
 * that conn.
 *
 * If it's an edge conn, then detach it from its circ, so we don't
 * try to reference it later.
 */
void
circuit_about_to_close_connection(connection_t *conn)
{
  /* currently, we assume it's too late to flush conn's buf here.
   * down the road, maybe we'll consider that eof doesn't mean can't-write
   */
  switch (conn->type) {
    case CONN_TYPE_OR: {
      smartlist_t *circs;
      /* Inform any pending (not attached) circs that they should give up. */
      circuit_n_conn_done(conn, 0);
      circs = circuit_get_all_on_orconn(conn);
      /* Now close all the attached circuits on it. */
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH(circs, circuit_t *, circ, {
        if (circ->n_conn == conn)
          /* it's closing in front of us */
          circuit_set_circid_orconn(circ, 0, NULL, N_CONN_CHANGED);
        if (circ->p_conn == conn)
          /* it's closing behind us */
          circuit_set_circid_orconn(circ, 0, NULL, P_CONN_CHANGED);
        circuit_mark_for_close(circ);
      });
      smartlist_free(circs);
      return;
    }
    case CONN_TYPE_AP:
    case CONN_TYPE_EXIT: {
      circuit_t *circ;
      /* It's an edge conn. Need to remove it from the linked list of
       * conn's for this circuit. Confirm that 'end' relay command has
       * been sent. But don't kill the circuit.
       */

      circ = circuit_get_by_edge_conn(conn);
      if (!circ)
        return;

      circuit_detach_stream(circ, conn);
    }
  } /* end switch */
}

/** Find each circuit that has been dirty for too long, and has
 * no streams on it: mark it for close.
 */
static void
circuit_expire_old_circuits(void)
{
  circuit_t *circ;
  time_t now = time(NULL);

  for (circ = global_circuitlist; circ; circ = circ->next) {
    if (circ->marked_for_close)
      continue;
    /* If the circuit has been dirty for too long, and there are no streams
     * on it, mark it for close.
     */
    if (circ->timestamp_dirty &&
        circ->timestamp_dirty + get_options()->MaxCircuitDirtiness < now &&
        CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ) &&
        !circ->p_streams /* nothing attached */ ) {
      debug(LD_CIRC,"Closing n_circ_id %d (dirty %d secs ago, purp %d)",
            circ->n_circ_id, (int)(now - circ->timestamp_dirty), circ->purpose);
      /* (only general and purpose_c circs can get dirty) */
      tor_assert(!circ->n_streams);
      tor_assert(circ->purpose <= CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED);
      circuit_mark_for_close(circ);
    } else if (!circ->timestamp_dirty && CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ) &&
               circ->state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN &&
               circ->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL) {
#define CIRCUIT_UNUSED_CIRC_TIMEOUT 3600 /* an hour */
      if (circ->timestamp_created + CIRCUIT_UNUSED_CIRC_TIMEOUT < now) {
        debug(LD_CIRC,"Closing circuit that has been unused for %d seconds.",
               (int)(now - circ->timestamp_created));
        circuit_mark_for_close(circ);
      }
    }
  }
}

/** A testing circuit has completed. Take whatever stats we want. */
static void
circuit_testing_opened(circuit_t *circ)
{
  /* For now, we only use testing circuits to see if our ORPort is
     reachable. But we remember reachability in onionskin_answer(),
     so there's no need to record anything here. Just close the circ. */
  circuit_mark_for_close(circ);
}

/** A testing circuit has failed to build. Take whatever stats we want. */
static void
circuit_testing_failed(circuit_t *circ, int at_last_hop)
{
#if 0
  routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();

  if (!at_last_hop)
    circuit_launch_by_router(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_TESTING, me, 0, 1, 1);
  else
#endif
  info(LD_GENERAL,"Our testing circuit (to see if your ORPort is reachable) has failed. I'll try again later.");
}

/** The circuit <b>circ</b> has just become open. Take the next
 * step: for rendezvous circuits, we pass circ to the appropriate
 * function in rendclient or rendservice. For general circuits, we
 * call connection_ap_attach_pending, which looks for pending streams
 * that could use circ.
 */
void
circuit_has_opened(circuit_t *circ)
{
  control_event_circuit_status(circ, CIRC_EVENT_BUILT);

  switch (circ->purpose) {
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND:
      rend_client_rendcirc_has_opened(circ);
      connection_ap_attach_pending();
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING:
      rend_client_introcirc_has_opened(circ);
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL:
      /* Tell any AP connections that have been waiting for a new
       * circuit that one is ready. */
      connection_ap_attach_pending();
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_ESTABLISH_INTRO:
      /* at Bob, waiting for introductions */
      rend_service_intro_has_opened(circ);
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_CONNECT_REND:
      /* at Bob, connecting to rend point */
      rend_service_rendezvous_has_opened(circ);
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_TESTING:
      circuit_testing_opened(circ);
      break;
    default:
      err(LD_BUG,"unhandled purpose %d",circ->purpose);
      tor_assert(0);
  }
}

/** Called whenever a circuit could not be successfully built.
 */
void
circuit_build_failed(circuit_t *circ)
{
  /* we should examine circ and see if it failed because of
   * the last hop or an earlier hop. then use this info below.
   */
  int failed_at_last_hop = 0;
  /* If the last hop isn't open, and the second-to-last is, we failed
   * at the last hop. */
  if (circ->cpath &&
      circ->cpath->prev->state != CPATH_STATE_OPEN &&
      circ->cpath->prev->prev->state == CPATH_STATE_OPEN) {
    failed_at_last_hop = 1;
  }
  if (circ->cpath &&
      circ->cpath->state != CPATH_STATE_OPEN) {
    /* We failed at the first hop. If there's an OR connection
       to blame, blame it. */
    if (circ->n_conn) {
      info(LD_OR, "Our circuit failed to get a response from the first hop (%s:%d). I'm going to try to rotate to a better connection.",
           circ->n_conn->address, circ->n_conn->port);
      circ->n_conn->is_obsolete = 1;
    }
  }

  switch (circ->purpose) {
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL:
      if (circ->state != CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN) {
        /* If we never built the circuit, note it as a failure. */
        /* Note that we can't just check circ->cpath here, because if
         * circuit-building failed immediately, it won't be set yet. */
        circuit_increment_failure_count();
      }
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_TESTING:
      circuit_testing_failed(circ, failed_at_last_hop);
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_ESTABLISH_INTRO:
      /* at Bob, waiting for introductions */
      if (circ->state != CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN) {
        circuit_increment_failure_count();
      }
      /* no need to care here, because bob will rebuild intro
       * points periodically. */
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING:
      /* at Alice, connecting to intro point */
      /* Don't increment failure count, since Bob may have picked
       * the introduction point maliciously */
      /* Alice will pick a new intro point when this one dies, if
       * the stream in question still cares. No need to act here. */
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND:
      /* at Alice, waiting for Bob */
      if (circ->state != CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN) {
        circuit_increment_failure_count();
      }
      /* Alice will pick a new rend point when this one dies, if
       * the stream in question still cares. No need to act here. */
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_CONNECT_REND:
      /* at Bob, connecting to rend point */
      /* Don't increment failure count, since Alice may have picked
       * the rendezvous point maliciously */
      info(LD_REND,
           "Couldn't connect to Alice's chosen rend point %s (%s hop failed).",
           build_state_get_exit_nickname(circ->build_state),
           failed_at_last_hop?"last":"non-last");
      rend_service_relaunch_rendezvous(circ);
      break;
    default:
      /* Other cases are impossible, since this function is only called with
       * unbuilt circuits. */
      tor_assert(0);
  }
}

/** Number of consecutive failures so far; should only be touched by
 * circuit_launch_new and circuit_*_failure_count.
 */
static int n_circuit_failures = 0;
static int did_circs_fail_last_period = 0;

/** Don't retry launching a new circuit if we try this many times with no
 * success. */
#define MAX_CIRCUIT_FAILURES 5

/** Launch a new circuit; see circuit_launch_by_extend_info() for
 * details on arguments. */
circuit_t *
circuit_launch_by_router(uint8_t purpose, routerinfo_t *exit,
                         int need_uptime, int need_capacity, int internal)
{
  circuit_t *circ;
  extend_info_t *info = NULL;
  if (exit)
    info = extend_info_from_router(exit);
  circ = circuit_launch_by_extend_info(purpose, info, need_uptime, need_capacity,
                                       internal);
  if (info)
    extend_info_free(info);
  return circ;
}

/** Launch a new circuit with purpose <b>purpose</b> and exit node <b>info</b>
 * (or NULL to select a random exit node).  If <b>need_uptime</b> is true,
 * choose among routers with high uptime.  If <b>need_capacity</b> is true,
 * choose among routers with high bandwidth.  If <b>internal</b> is true, the
 * last hop need not be an exit node. Return the newly allocated circuit on
 * success, or NULL on failure. */
circuit_t *
circuit_launch_by_extend_info(uint8_t purpose, extend_info_t *extend_info,
               int need_uptime, int need_capacity, int internal)
{
  circuit_t *circ;

  if (!has_fetched_directory) {
    debug(LD_CIRC,"Haven't fetched directory yet; canceling circuit launch.");
    return NULL;
  }

  if ((extend_info || purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL) &&
      purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_TESTING) {
    /* see if there are appropriate circs available to cannibalize. */
    circ = circuit_find_to_cannibalize(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL, extend_info,
                                       need_uptime, need_capacity, internal);
    if (circ) {
      info(LD_CIRC,"Cannibalizing circ '%s' for purpose %d",
             build_state_get_exit_nickname(circ->build_state), purpose);
      circ->purpose = purpose;
      /* reset the birth date of this circ, else expire_building
       * will see it and think it's been trying to build since it
       * began. */
      circ->timestamp_created = time(NULL);
      switch (purpose) {
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_ESTABLISH_INTRO:
          /* it's ready right now */
          break;
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_CONNECT_REND:
        case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL:
          /* need to add a new hop */
          tor_assert(extend_info);
          if (circuit_extend_to_new_exit(circ, extend_info) < 0)
            return NULL;
          break;
        default:
          warn(LD_BUG, "Bug: unexpected purpose %d when cannibalizing a circ.", purpose);
          tor_fragile_assert();
          return NULL;
      }
      return circ;
    }
  }

  if (did_circs_fail_last_period &&
      n_circuit_failures > MAX_CIRCUIT_FAILURES) {
    /* too many failed circs in a row. don't try. */
//    log_fn(LOG_INFO,"%d failures so far, not trying.",n_circuit_failures);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* try a circ. if it fails, circuit_mark_for_close will increment n_circuit_failures */
  return circuit_establish_circuit(purpose, extend_info,
                                   need_uptime, need_capacity, internal);
}

/** Launch a new circuit; see circuit_launch_by_extend_info() for
 * details on arguments. */
circuit_t *
circuit_launch_by_nickname(uint8_t purpose, const char *exit_nickname,
                           int need_uptime, int need_capacity, int internal)
{
  routerinfo_t *router = NULL;

  if (exit_nickname) {
    router = router_get_by_nickname(exit_nickname, 1);
    if (!router) {
      /*XXXXNM domain? */
      warn(LD_GENERAL, "No such OR as '%s'", exit_nickname);
      return NULL;
    }
  }
  return circuit_launch_by_router(purpose, router,
                                  need_uptime, need_capacity, internal);
}

/** Record another failure at opening a general circuit. When we have
 * too many, we'll stop trying for the remainder of this minute.
 */
static void
circuit_increment_failure_count(void)
{
  ++n_circuit_failures;
  debug(LD_CIRC,"n_circuit_failures now %d.",n_circuit_failures);
}

/** Reset the failure count for opening general circuits. This means
 * we will try MAX_CIRCUIT_FAILURES times more (if necessary) before
 * stopping again.
 */
void
circuit_reset_failure_count(int timeout)
{
  if (timeout && n_circuit_failures > MAX_CIRCUIT_FAILURES)
    did_circs_fail_last_period = 1;
  else
    did_circs_fail_last_period = 0;
  n_circuit_failures = 0;
}

/** Find an open circ that we're happy with: return 1. If there isn't
 * one, and there isn't one on the way, launch one and return 0. If it
 * will never work, return -1.
 *
 * Write the found or in-progress or launched circ into *circp.
 */
static int
circuit_get_open_circ_or_launch(connection_t *conn,
                                uint8_t desired_circuit_purpose,
                                circuit_t **circp)
{
  circuit_t *circ;
  int is_resolve;
  int need_uptime, need_internal;

  tor_assert(conn);
  tor_assert(circp);
  tor_assert(conn->state == AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT);
  is_resolve = conn->socks_request->command == SOCKS_COMMAND_RESOLVE;

  need_uptime = smartlist_string_num_isin(get_options()->LongLivedPorts,
                                          conn->socks_request->port);
  need_internal = desired_circuit_purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL;

  circ = circuit_get_best(conn, 1, desired_circuit_purpose,
                          need_uptime, need_internal);

  if (circ) {
    *circp = circ;
    return 1; /* we're happy */
  }

  if (!has_fetched_directory) {
    if (!connection_get_by_type(CONN_TYPE_DIR)) {
      notice(LD_APP|LD_DIR,"Application request when we're believed to be offline. Optimistically trying directory fetches again.");
      router_reset_status_download_failures();
      router_reset_descriptor_download_failures();
      update_networkstatus_downloads(time(NULL));

      /* XXXX011 NM This should be a generic "retry all directory fetches". */
      directory_get_from_dirserver(DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_DIR, NULL, 1); /*XXXX011NM*/
    }
    /* the stream will be dealt with when has_fetched_directory becomes
     * 1, or when all directory attempts fail and directory_all_unreachable()
     * kills it.
     */
    return 0;
  }

  /* Do we need to check exit policy? */
  if (!is_resolve && !connection_edge_is_rendezvous_stream(conn)) {
    struct in_addr in;
    uint32_t addr = 0;
    if (tor_inet_aton(conn->socks_request->address, &in))
      addr = ntohl(in.s_addr);
    if (router_exit_policy_all_routers_reject(addr, conn->socks_request->port,
                                              need_uptime)) {
      notice(LD_APP,"No Tor server exists that allows exit to %s:%d. Rejecting.",
             safe_str(conn->socks_request->address), conn->socks_request->port);
      return -1;
    }
  }

  /* is one already on the way? */
  circ = circuit_get_best(conn, 0, desired_circuit_purpose,
                          need_uptime, need_internal);
  if (!circ) {
    extend_info_t *extend_info=NULL;
    uint8_t new_circ_purpose;

    if (desired_circuit_purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT) {
      /* need to pick an intro point */
      extend_info = rend_client_get_random_intro(conn->rend_query);
      if (!extend_info) {
        info(LD_REND,"No intro points for '%s': refetching service descriptor.",
             safe_str(conn->rend_query));
        rend_client_refetch_renddesc(conn->rend_query);
        conn->state = AP_CONN_STATE_RENDDESC_WAIT;
        return 0;
      }
      info(LD_REND,"Chose '%s' as intro point for '%s'.",
           extend_info->nickname, safe_str(conn->rend_query));
    }

    /* If we have specified a particular exit node for our
     * connection, then be sure to open a circuit to that exit node.
     */
    if (desired_circuit_purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL) {
      if (conn->chosen_exit_name) {
        routerinfo_t *r;
        if (!(r = router_get_by_nickname(conn->chosen_exit_name, 1))) {
          /*XXXX NM domain? */
          notice(LD_CIRC,"Requested exit point '%s' is not known. Closing.",
                 conn->chosen_exit_name);
          return -1;
        }
        extend_info = extend_info_from_router(r);
      }
    }

    if (desired_circuit_purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED)
      new_circ_purpose = CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND;
    else if (desired_circuit_purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT)
      new_circ_purpose = CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING;
    else
      new_circ_purpose = desired_circuit_purpose;

    circ = circuit_launch_by_extend_info(
              new_circ_purpose, extend_info, need_uptime, 1, need_internal);
    if (extend_info)
      extend_info_free(extend_info);

    if (desired_circuit_purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL) {
      /* help predict this next time */
      rep_hist_note_used_internal(time(NULL), need_uptime, 1);
      if (circ) {
        /* write the service_id into circ */
        strlcpy(circ->rend_query, conn->rend_query, sizeof(circ->rend_query));
        if (circ->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND &&
            circ->state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN)
          rend_client_rendcirc_has_opened(circ);
      }
    }
  }
  if (!circ)
    info(LD_APP,
         "No safe circuit (purpose %d) ready for edge connection; delaying.",
         desired_circuit_purpose);
  *circp = circ;
  return 0;
}

/** Attach the AP stream <b>apconn</b> to circ's linked list of
 * p_streams. Also set apconn's cpath_layer to the last hop in
 * circ's cpath.
 */
static void
link_apconn_to_circ(connection_t *apconn, circuit_t *circ)
{
  /* add it into the linked list of streams on this circuit */
  debug(LD_APP|LD_CIRC,"attaching new conn to circ. n_circ_id %d.", circ->n_circ_id);
  apconn->timestamp_lastread = time(NULL); /* reset it, so we can measure circ timeouts */
  apconn->next_stream = circ->p_streams;
  apconn->on_circuit = circ;
  /* assert_connection_ok(conn, time(NULL)); */
  circ->p_streams = apconn;

  tor_assert(CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ));
  tor_assert(circ->cpath);
  tor_assert(circ->cpath->prev);
  tor_assert(circ->cpath->prev->state == CPATH_STATE_OPEN);
  apconn->cpath_layer = circ->cpath->prev;
}

/** If an exit wasn't specifically chosen, save the history for future
 * use */
static void
consider_recording_trackhost(connection_t *conn, circuit_t *circ)
{
  int found_needle = 0;
  char *str;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  size_t len;
  char *new_address;

  /* Search the addressmap for this conn's destination. */
  /* If he's not in the address map.. */
  if (!options->TrackHostExits ||
      addressmap_already_mapped(conn->socks_request->address))
    return; /* nothing to track, or already mapped */

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(options->TrackHostExits, const char *, cp, {
    if (cp[0] == '.') { /* match end */
      /* XXX strstr is probably really bad here */
      if ((str = strstr(conn->socks_request->address, &cp[1]))) {
        if (str == conn->socks_request->address
          || strcmp(str, &cp[1]) == 0) {
          found_needle = 1;
        }
      }
    } else if (strcmp(cp, conn->socks_request->address) == 0) {
      found_needle = 1;
    }
  });

  if (!found_needle || !circ->build_state->chosen_exit)
    return;

  /* Add this exit/hostname pair to the addressmap. */
  len = strlen(conn->socks_request->address) + 1 /* '.' */ +
        strlen(circ->build_state->chosen_exit->nickname) + 1 /* '.' */ +
        strlen("exit") + 1 /* '\0' */;
  new_address = tor_malloc(len);

  tor_snprintf(new_address, len, "%s.%s.exit",
               conn->socks_request->address,
               circ->build_state->chosen_exit->nickname);

  addressmap_register(conn->socks_request->address, new_address,
                      time(NULL) + options->TrackHostExitsExpire);
}

/** Attempt to attach the connection <b>conn</b> to <b>circ</b>, and
 * send a begin or resolve cell as appropriate.  Return values are as
 * for connection_ap_handshake_attach_circuit. */
int
connection_ap_handshake_attach_chosen_circuit(connection_t *conn,
                                              circuit_t *circ)
{
  tor_assert(conn);
  tor_assert(conn->type == CONN_TYPE_AP);
  tor_assert(conn->state == AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT ||
             conn->state == AP_CONN_STATE_CONTROLLER_WAIT);
  tor_assert(conn->socks_request);
  tor_assert(circ);
  tor_assert(circ->state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN);

  conn->state = AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT;

  if (!circ->timestamp_dirty)
    circ->timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);

  link_apconn_to_circ(conn, circ);
  tor_assert(conn->socks_request);
  if (conn->socks_request->command == SOCKS_COMMAND_CONNECT) {
    consider_recording_trackhost(conn, circ);
    if (connection_ap_handshake_send_begin(conn, circ)<0)
      return -1;
  } else {
    if (connection_ap_handshake_send_resolve(conn, circ)<0)
      return -1;
  }

  return 1;
}

/** Try to find a safe live circuit for CONN_TYPE_AP connection conn. If
 * we don't find one: if conn cannot be handled by any known nodes,
 * warn and return -1 (conn needs to die);
 * else launch new circuit (if necessary) and return 0.
 * Otherwise, associate conn with a safe live circuit, do the
 * right next step, and return 1.
 */
int
connection_ap_handshake_attach_circuit(connection_t *conn)
{
  int retval;
  int conn_age;

  tor_assert(conn);
  tor_assert(conn->type == CONN_TYPE_AP);
  tor_assert(conn->state == AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT);
  tor_assert(conn->socks_request);

  conn_age = time(NULL) - conn->timestamp_created;
  if (conn_age > CONN_AP_MAX_ATTACH_DELAY) {
    notice(LD_APP,"Tried for %d seconds to get a connection to %s:%d. Giving up.",
           conn_age, safe_str(conn->socks_request->address),
           conn->socks_request->port);
    return -1;
  }

  if (!connection_edge_is_rendezvous_stream(conn)) { /* we're a general conn */
    circuit_t *circ=NULL;

    if (conn->chosen_exit_name) {
      routerinfo_t *router = router_get_by_nickname(conn->chosen_exit_name, 1);
      if (!router) {
        warn(LD_APP,"Requested exit point '%s' is not known. Closing.",
               conn->chosen_exit_name);
        return -1;
      }
      if (!connection_ap_can_use_exit(conn, router)) {
        warn(LD_APP, "Requested exit point '%s' would refuse request. Closing.",
               conn->chosen_exit_name);
        return -1;
      }
    }

    /* find the circuit that we should use, if there is one. */
    retval = circuit_get_open_circ_or_launch(conn, CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL, &circ);
    if (retval < 1)
      return retval;

    debug(LD_APP|LD_CIRC,"Attaching apconn to circ %d (stream %d sec old).",
           circ->n_circ_id, conn_age);
    /* here, print the circ's path. so people can figure out which circs are sucking. */
    circuit_log_path(LOG_INFO,LD_APP|LD_CIRC,circ);

    /* We have found a suitable circuit for our conn. Hurray. */
    return connection_ap_handshake_attach_chosen_circuit(conn, circ);

  } else { /* we're a rendezvous conn */
    circuit_t *rendcirc=NULL, *introcirc=NULL;

    tor_assert(!conn->cpath_layer);

    /* start by finding a rendezvous circuit for us */

    retval = circuit_get_open_circ_or_launch(conn, CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED, &rendcirc);
    if (retval < 0) return -1; /* failed */

    if (retval > 0) {
      tor_assert(rendcirc);
      /* one is already established, attach */
      info(LD_REND,
           "rend joined circ %d already here. attaching. (stream %d sec old)",
           rendcirc->n_circ_id, conn_age);
      /* Mark rendezvous circuits as 'newly dirty' every time you use
       * them, since the process of rebuilding a rendezvous circ is so
       * expensive. There is a tradeoffs between linkability and
       * feasibility, at this point.
       */
      rendcirc->timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);
      link_apconn_to_circ(conn, rendcirc);
      if (connection_ap_handshake_send_begin(conn, rendcirc) < 0)
        return 0; /* already marked, let them fade away */
      return 1;
    }

    if (rendcirc && rendcirc->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED) {
      info(LD_REND,"pending-join circ %d already here, with intro ack. Stalling. (stream %d sec old)", rendcirc->n_circ_id, conn_age);
      return 0;
    }

    /* it's on its way. find an intro circ. */
    retval = circuit_get_open_circ_or_launch(conn, CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT, &introcirc);
    if (retval < 0) return -1; /* failed */

    if (retval > 0) {
      /* one has already sent the intro. keep waiting. */
      tor_assert(introcirc);
      info(LD_REND,
           "Intro circ %d present and awaiting ack (rend %d). Stalling. (stream %d sec old)",
           introcirc->n_circ_id, rendcirc ? rendcirc->n_circ_id : 0, conn_age);
      return 0;
    }

    /* now rendcirc and introcirc are each either undefined or not finished */

    if (rendcirc && introcirc && rendcirc->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY) {
      info(LD_REND,"ready rend circ %d already here (no intro-ack yet on intro %d). (stream %d sec old)",
             rendcirc->n_circ_id, introcirc->n_circ_id, conn_age);

      tor_assert(introcirc->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING);
      if (introcirc->state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN) {
        info(LD_REND,"found open intro circ %d (rend %d); sending introduction. (stream %d sec old)",
               introcirc->n_circ_id, rendcirc->n_circ_id, conn_age);
        if (rend_client_send_introduction(introcirc, rendcirc) < 0) {
          return -1;
        }
        rendcirc->timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);
        introcirc->timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);
        assert_circuit_ok(rendcirc);
        assert_circuit_ok(introcirc);
        return 0;
      }
    }

    info(LD_REND, "Intro (%d) and rend (%d) circs are not both ready. Stalling conn. (%d sec old)",
         introcirc ? introcirc->n_circ_id : 0,
         rendcirc ? rendcirc->n_circ_id : 0, conn_age);
    return 0;
  }
}