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https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org
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358 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
358 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "Software de encriptación"
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icon: material/file-lock
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description: El cifrado de los datos es la única forma de controlar quién puede acceder a ellos. These tools allow you to encrypt your emails and any other files.
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---
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El cifrado de los datos es la única forma de controlar quién puede acceder a ellos. Si actualmente no está utilizando software de encriptación para su disco duro, correos electrónicos o archivos, debería elegir una opción aquí.
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## Multi plataforma
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Las opciones enumeradas aquí son multiplataforma y excelentes para crear copias de seguridad cifradas de sus datos.
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### VeraCrypt
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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**VeraCrypt** es una utilidad freeware fuente disponible que se utiliza para el cifrado transparente. Le permite crear bóvedas que se almacenan en una unidad virtual, cuyo contenido está encriptado y sincronizado con su proveedor de almacenamiento en la nube.
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[:octicons-home-16: Inicio](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Política de privacidad" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptomator.org/){ .card-link title=Documentación}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/cryptomator){ .card-link title="código fuente" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://cryptomator.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribuir }
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??? downloads
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- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.cryptomator)
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- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cryptomator-2/id1560822163)
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- [:simple-android: Android](https://cryptomator.org/android)
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- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
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- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
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- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.cryptomator.Cryptomator)
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Cryptomator utiliza el cifrado AES-256 para cifrar tanto los archivos como los nombres de archivo. Cryptomator no puede cifrar metadatos como las marcas de tiempo de acceso, modificación y creación, ni el número y tamaño de los archivos y carpetas.
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Algunas bibliotecas criptográficas de Cryptomator han sido [auditadas](https://community.cryptomator.org/t/has-there-been-a-security-review-audit-of-cryptomator/44) por Cure53. El alcance de las bibliotecas auditadas incluye: [cryptolib](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptolib), [cryptofs](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptofs), [siv-mode](https://github.com/cryptomator/siv-mode) y [cryptomator-objc-cryptor](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptomator-objc-cryptor). La auditoría no se extendió a [cryptolib-swift](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptolib-swift), que es una biblioteca utilizada por Cryptomator para iOS.
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La documentación de Cryptomator detalla su intención [objetivo de seguridad](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/security-target/), [arquitectura de seguridad](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/architecture/), y [mejores prácticas](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/best-practices/) para su uso con más detalle.
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### Picocrypt (Archivo)
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**Picocrypt** es una herramienta de cifrado pequeña y simple que proporciona un cifrado moderno. Picocrypt utiliza el cifrado seguro XChaCha20 y la función de derivación de clave Argon2id para proporcionar un alto nivel de seguridad. Utiliza los módulos x/crypto estándar de Go para sus funciones de cifrado.
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[:octicons-repo-16: Repositorio](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Código fuente" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/picocrypt){ .card-link title=Contribuir }
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??? descargas
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- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
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- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
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### VeraCrypt (Disco)
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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**VeraCrypt** es una utilidad de software gratuito con el código fuente disponible que se utiliza para el cifrado sobre la marcha. Puede crear un disco cifrado virtual dentro de un archivo, cifrar una partición o cifrar todo el dispositivo de almacenamiento con autenticación previa al arranque.
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[:octicons-home-16: Página principal](https://veracrypt.fr){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/en/Documentation.html){ .card-link title=Documentación}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/code/){ .card-link title="Código fuente" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/en/Donation.html){ .card-link title=Contribuir }
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??? descargas
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- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
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- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
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VeraCrypt es una bifurcación del proyecto TrueCrypt ya descontinuado. Según sus desarrolladores, se implementaron mejoras de seguridad y se abordaron los problemas planteados por la auditoría inicial del código TrueCrypt.
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Al cifrar con VeraCrypt, tiene la opción de seleccionar entre diferentes [funciones hash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#Encryption_scheme). Le sugerimos **únicamente** seleccionar [SHA-512](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-512) y seleccionar el [AES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) como cifrado de bloque.
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Truecrypt ha sido [auditado un buen número de veces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt#Security_audits), y VeraCrypt también ha sido [auditado de manera separada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#VeraCrypt_audit).
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## Cifrado de disco completo del sistema operativo
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Los sistemas operativos modernos [FDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryption) y tendrán un[criptoprocesador seguro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor).
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### BitLocker
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**BitLocker** es la solución de cifrado de volumen completo incluida con Microsoft Windows. La razón principal por la que lo recomendamos, es por su [uso de TPM](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/tpm/how-windows-uses-the-tpm). [ElcomSoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElcomSoft), una empresa forense, ha escrito sobre ello en [Understanding BitLocker TPM Protection](https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2021/01/understanding-BitLocker-tpm-protection/).
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/BitLocker/BitLocker-overview){ .card-link title=Documentación}
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BitLocker es [únicamente compatible](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/turn-on-device-encryption-0c453637-bc88-5f74-5105-741561aae838) en las versiones Pro, Enterprise y Education de Windows. Se puede habilitar en las ediciones Home siempre que cumplan con los requisitos previos.
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??? ejemplo "Habilitación de BitLocker en Windows Home"
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Para habilitar BitLocker en las ediciones "Home" de Windows, debe tener particiones formateadas con una [tabla de partición GUID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table) y tener un módulo TPM (v1.2, 2.0+) dedicado.
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1. Abra un símbolo del sistema y verifique el formato de la tabla de particiones de su unidad con el siguiente comando. Debería ver "**GPT**" listado bajo "Partition Style":
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```
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powershell Get-Disk
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```
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2. Ejecute este comando (en un símbolo del sistema con derechos de administración) para verificar su versión de TPM. Debería ver `2.0` o `1.2` junto a `SpecVersion`:
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```
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powershell Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root/cimv2/security/microsofttpm" -Class WIN32_tpm
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```
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3. Acceda a [Opciones avanzadas de inicio](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/advanced-startup-options-including-safe-mode-b90e7808-80b5-a291-d4b8-1a1af602b617). Debe reiniciar mientras pulsa la tecla F8 antes de que se inicie Windows y entrar en el símbolo del sistema ** en **Solucionar problemas** → **Opciones avanzadas** → **Símbolo del sistema**.
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4. Inicie sesión con su cuenta de administrador y escriba esto en el símbolo del sistema para iniciar el cifrado:
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```
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manage-bde -on c: -used
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```
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5. Cierre el símbolo del sistema y continúe con el arranque normal de Windows.
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6. Open an admin command prompt and run the following commands:
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```
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manage-bde c: -protectors -add -rp -tpm
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manage-bde -protectors -enable c:
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manage-bde -protectors -get c: > %UserProfile%\Desktop\BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt
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```
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!!! tip
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Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` on your Desktop to a separate storage device. La pérdida de este código de recuperación puede resultar en la pérdida de datos.
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### FileVault
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**FileVault** is the on-the-fly volume encryption solution built into macOS. FileVault is recommended because it [leverages](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/volume-encryption-with-filevault-sec4c6dc1b6e/web) hardware security capabilities present on an Apple silicon SoC or T2 Security Chip.
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/encrypt-mac-data-with-filevault-mh11785/mac){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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We recommend storing a local recovery key in a secure place as opposed to using your iCloud account for recovery.
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### Linux Unified Key Setup
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**LUKS** is the default FDE method for Linux. It can be used to encrypt full volumes, partitions, or create encrypted containers.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/-/blob/main/README.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/-/wikis/home){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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??? example "Creating and opening encrypted containers"
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```
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dd if=/dev/urandom of=/path-to-file bs=1M count=1024 status=progress
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sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /path-to-file
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```
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#### Opening encrypted containers
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We recommend opening containers and volumes with `udisksctl` as this uses [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit). Most file managers, such as those included with popular desktop environments, can unlock encrypted files. Tools like [udiskie](https://github.com/coldfix/udiskie) can run in the system tray and provide a helpful user interface.
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```
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udisksctl loop-setup -f /path-to-file
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udisksctl unlock -b /dev/loop0
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```
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!!! note "Remember to back up volume headers"
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We recommend you always [back up your LUKS headers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Backup_and_restore) in case of partial drive failure. Esto se puede hacer con:
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```
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cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /dev/device --header-backup-file /mnt/backup/file.img
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```
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## Browser-based
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Browser-based encryption can be useful when you need to encrypt a file but cannot install software or apps on your device.
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### hat.sh
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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**Hat.sh** is a web application that provides secure client-side file encryption in your browser. It can also be self-hosted and is useful if you need to encrypt a file but cannot install any software on your device due to organizational policies.
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[:octicons-globe-16: Website](https://hat.sh){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://hat.sh/about/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://hat.sh/about/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/sh-dv/hat.sh){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sh-dv/hat.sh#donations){ .card-link title="Donations methods can be found at the bottom of the website" }
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## Command-line
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Tools with command-line interfaces are useful for integrating [shell scripts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script).
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### Kryptor
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**Kryptor** is a free and open-source file encryption and signing tool that makes use of modern and secure cryptographic algorithms. It aims to be a better version of [age](https://github.com/FiloSottile/age) and [Minisign](https://jedisct1.github.io/minisign/) to provide a simple, easier alternative to GPG.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.kryptor.co.uk){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/features#privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/tutorial){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/samuel-lucas6/Kryptor){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/#donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
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??? downloads
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- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
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- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
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### Tomb
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**Tomb** is a command-line shell wrapper for LUKS. It supports steganography via [third-party tools](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb#how-does-it-work).
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.dyne.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
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## OpenPGP
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OpenPGP is sometimes needed for specific tasks such as digitally signing and encrypting email. PGP has many features and is [complex](https://latacora.micro.blog/2019/07/16/the-pgp-problem.html) as it has been around a long time. For tasks such as signing or encrypting files, we suggest the above options.
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When encrypting with PGP, you have the option to configure different options in your `gpg.conf` file. We recommend staying with the standard options specified in the [GnuPG user FAQ](https://www.gnupg.org/faq/gnupg-faq.html#new_user_gpg_conf).
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!!! tip "Use future defaults when generating a key"
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When [generating keys](https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html) we suggest using the `future-default` command as this will instruct GnuPG use modern cryptography such as [Curve25519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve25519#History) and [Ed25519](https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/):
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```bash
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gpg --quick-gen-key alice@example.com future-default
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```
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### GNU Privacy Guard
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**GnuPG** is a GPL-licensed alternative to the PGP suite of cryptographic software. GnuPG is compliant with [RFC 4880](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4880), which is the current IETF specification of OpenPGP. The GnuPG project has been working on an [updated draft](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-openpgp-crypto-refresh/) in an attempt to modernize OpenPGP. GnuPG is a part of the Free Software Foundation's GNU software project and has received major [funding](https://gnupg.org/blog/20220102-a-new-future-for-gnupg.html) from the German government.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gnupg.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://gnupg.org/privacy-policy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://gnupg.org/documentation/index.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gnupg.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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??? downloads
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- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain)
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- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html)
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://gpgtools.org)
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- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://gnupg.org/download/index.html#binary)
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### GPG4win
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**GPG4win** is a package for Windows from [Intevation and g10 Code](https://gpg4win.org/impressum.html). It includes [various tools](https://gpg4win.org/about.html) that can assist you in using GPG on Microsoft Windows. The project was initiated and originally [funded by](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425125223/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/news/government-used-cryptography) Germany's Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) in 2005.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gpg4win.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://gpg4win.org/privacy-policy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://gpg4win.org/documentation.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gpg4win.git;a=summary){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://gpg4win.org/donate.html){ .card-link title=Contribute }
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??? downloads
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- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html)
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### GPG Suite
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!!! note
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We suggest [Canary Mail](email-clients.md#canary-mail) for using PGP with email on iOS devices.
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**GPG Suite** provides OpenPGP support for [Apple Mail](email-clients.md#apple-mail) and macOS.
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We recommend taking a look at their [First steps](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb/how-to/first-steps-where-do-i-start-where-do-i-begin-setup-gpgtools-create-a-new-key-your-first-encrypted-email) and [Knowledge base](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb) for support.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gpgtools.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://gpgtools.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GPGTools){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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??? downloads
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://gpgtools.org)
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### OpenKeychain
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!!! recomendación
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{ align=right }
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**OpenKeychain** is an Android implementation of GnuPG. It's commonly required by mail clients such as [K-9 Mail](email-clients.md#k-9-mail) and [FairEmail](email-clients.md#fairemail) and other Android apps to provide encryption support. Cure53 completed a [security audit](https://www.openkeychain.org/openkeychain-3-6) of OpenKeychain 3.6 in October 2015. Technical details about the audit and OpenKeychain's solutions can be found [here](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain/wiki/cure53-Security-Audit-2015).
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.openkeychain.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.openkeychain.org/help/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.openkeychain.org/faq/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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??? downloads
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- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain)
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## Criteria
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**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
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!!! example "This section is new"
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We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress.
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### Minimum Qualifications
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- Cross-platform encryption apps must be open-source.
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- File encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
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- External disk encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
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- Internal (OS) disk encryption apps must be cross-platform or built in to the operating system natively.
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### Best-Case
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Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
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- Operating System (FDE) encryption apps should utilize hardware security such as a TPM or Secure Enclave.
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- File encryption apps should have first- or third-party support for mobile platforms.
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